Should you believe the newspaper?
Should you believe the news shows?
Should you believe the directions for your new DVD?
Should you believe the stoplight?
Should you believe the history books?
Should you believe school teachers?
Should you believe the health community?
Information, information, information coming at us every day.
How do we decide what to believe and/or use?
1. Personal experience--used before and it worked
2. Individual's reliability attested to by people we know and trust
3. Used successfully by others (testimony)
4. Source correct about other things in the past
Since the Bible is largely a historical document (except for future prophetic statements which is another topic), why not use some historian tools. It's amazing how little "proof" we need to believe in historical events and people (non Bible sources). We mostly only come into contact with tertiary sources (history books) comments about comments made by secondary sources about primary sources.
PRIMARY SOURCES: DEFINITIONS
"By a 'source' the historian means material that is contemporary to the events being examined. Such sources include, among other things, diaries, letters, newspapers, magazine articles, tape recordings, pictures, and maps. Such material may have appeared in print before, edited or unedited, and still be a source. The term is meant to be restrictive rather than inclusive, in that it attempts to indicate that works of secondary scholarship, or synthesis, are not sources, since the data have been distilled by another person. ... One good way for the novice historian to lose Brownie points among his serious-minded fellows is to call a biography of George Washington or an analysis of the Magna Charta a 'source'
A primary source gives the words of the witnesses or the first recorders of an event. Primary sources include manuscripts, archives, letters, diaries, and speeches. ... Secondary sources are 'descriptions of the event derived from and based on primary sources'. The line between primary and secondary sources is often indistinct, for example, a single document may be a primary source on some matter and a secondary source on others.
HOW DO THEY KNOW THAT?
As you are reading through sources for your history papers, ask yourself, where does this information come from? How does the author know this particular date, this name, or that this event occurred? It's a little like putting together a puzzle, and the farther back in time you go, the more pieces are missing. Historians often must make assumptions based on a few scraps of information. This does not invalidate their conclusions, it should simply make you aware that truth of often in the eyes of she who views the evidence. Statements made in a textbook, on the air, in a newspaper, or a historical monograph can be true in varying degrees. As you write for history professors, you must learn to determine for yourself the degree of accuracy in your sources. Ask journalistic questions: who, what, where, when, and why.
WHO recorded this information? A witness? A close friend? A monk nine hundred years after the fact? A respected scholar who has studied all available sources? A talk show host?
WHAT does the author say about the events, persons or trends you are researching?
WHERE were they during the time period or event he/she discusses in the record? Front row? Two continents away? In the same house but out of earshot?
WHEN did they record the events? The same day? Twenty years later? Two hundred years later?
WHY did the author make this particular record? Scholarly interest? Personal journal? As propoganda for a particular organization or ruler? Look for the author's biases and motivations. They affect how a subject is presented, and as a researcher, you should be aware of this.