I am seeking information, not an exegesis or an eisegesis.
"Somewhere", I came across a statement identifying the person/group that first interpreted the 70 "sevens" of Daniel 9 as identifying the year of Jesus' appearance as the "Messiah".
Try as I might, I cannot relocate that information, so I am hoping someone can point me to authoritative sources that identify the person/group who first provided that interpretation, and hopefully the contemporary context.
Thanks,
Doug
Who first applied Daniel 9 to the Christian's Jesus?
by Doug Mason 8 Replies latest watchtower bible
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Doug Mason
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wobble
Leolaia , you are needed my dear !
Doug, when you have your answer, would you please post it, or P.M me , this meshes well with some research I am about to start.
Many thanks.
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Doug Mason
Wobble,
I have spent several weeks preparing a critique of the 9th chapter of the WTS book, "The Bible- God's Word or Man's?", which focuses on the seventy "sevens" at Daniel 9. Maybe there is some way we could chat? Send me a pm if you are interested with contact by email.
The thought behind my question is that if the 70 "sevens" at Daniel 9 is such convincing proof of the Christian's Jesus, can I find that interpretation in the Scriptures? If not, where did the idea start? Is it in the writings of the Essenes, Gnostics, Ebionites or the early Church Fathers? Or is it an invention from as late as the 19th century?
Another question: How does the WTS work out that Jesus' ministry lasted 3 1/2 years?
Doug
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Doug Mason
Wobble,
I searched Google.Books.Com for these expressions:
70 weeks prophecy in early Jewish interpretation
70 weeks prophecy in early Christian interpretation
Clement 70 weeks
Tertullian 70 weeks.
I decided to look at books, as I was interested in locating scholarly works, not wild exegetical fancies, which are so easily found by searching the www. Going by the plethora of hits, the prophecy of the "70 weeks/sevens" must be the most abused prophecy in the Bible, with minds far greater than ours providing their wildly different explanations.
I was not interested in assessing the validity of their interpretations, rather I was simply interested in finding documented evidences of what the Jews and Christians wrote at the time leading up to the early Church Fathers.
If you get a chance to plough through the pages that are available, I would be interested in your thoughts.
Doug
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Leolaia
There are two very good surveys of the early interpretation of Daniel 9 in Judaism and early Christianity. Montgomery's classic 1927 commentary of Daniel has a lengthy discussion in pp. 390-401, laying out the major historical stages in the interpretation of the "seventy weeks" vision. More recently, the most important scholarly source is William Adler's article "The Apocalptic Survey of History Adapted by Christians: Daniel's Prophecy of 70 Weeks" (pp. 201-238), published in The Jewish Apocalyptic Heritage in Early Christianity (ed. by James VanderKam and William Adler, 1996). I can't recommend this article enough. Adler thoroughly examines the interpretations in Josephus, Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus, Julius Africanus, Eusebius, etc. and what he finds is very interesting: the early church fathers preserved older Jewish interpretations of the prophecy as "alternative" interpretations, and when you place all these interpretations in historical order, one can readily see that Daniel 9 was reinterpreted over and over as circumstances changed; beyond its original Maccabean context, it was applied to Hasmoneans like Aristobolus and Alexander Jannaeus, then Herod the Great, then later Vespasian (wrt the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70), and even into the third century AD it was still used as an oracle to predict the future. It is likely that Christian interpretation gravitated towards seeing it as a fulfilled prophecy in order to discourage further prognostication (as the chronographic framework was especially amenable to date setting).
Along the way, all sorts of liberties were taken with the text and various different interpretive traditions arose, all of which are quite fascinating. For a long time, the messianic figure was neither of the two anointed ones mentioned in the text but the (Gentile) "coming ruler" in v. 27, whose forces defile the Temple with the appalling horror ("abomination of desolation" in Greek). The original understanding of course (as in ch. 11 of Daniel and in 1 Maccabees) is that the coming ruler was Antiochus Epiphanes, and the anointed one "cut off" prior to this was the assassinated high priest Onias III (whose murder is related in Daniel 11:22, 1 Enoch 90:8, and 2 Maccabees 4:33-35). Later the "coming ruler" was interpreted to be Herod who had murdered the high priest Hyrcanus II (last of the Hasmoneans). Then in the first century AD, the "coming ruler" was interpreted to be Vespasian and the cut-off "anointed one" was Ananus, the high priest assassinated 3 1/2 years before Jerusalem's destruction. This was Josephus' own presumed interpretation and he acclaimed Vespasian as the messiah prophesied in scripture (who indeed became "world ruler" on Jewish soil). The synoptic gospels have a related interpretation, seeing Daniel 9 as foreseeing the events of AD 66-70, identifying the "abomination of desolation" with the Roman forces of Vespasian and general Titus (which desolated the sanctuary), thereby associating Vespasian with the "coming ruler" of the prophecy. There is no trace of a Christian interpretation associating Daniel 9 with Jesus Christ until the early third century AD. The early interpretation of Hippolytus retains many features of early Jewish exegesis of the text. In harmony with the MT and in contrast with the very Theodotionic rendering he was citing, he distinguished between the two anointed figures and recognized that a large span of time (62 weeks) separated the two from each other. He recognized that the reference is to the high priesthood of the Temple and he identified the first anointed figure as Jeshua ben-Jozadek (which in the opinion of most scholars is what the author of Hebrew Daniel probably intended). But he obtained a christological interpretation by following the Theodotionic text which has, instead of a second "anointed" being cut off at the end of the 62 weeks, a ceasing of the "anointing" which he construed as occurring when the Temple veil was ripped during the crucifixion. This is quite a different interpretation than the one espoused by the Society. The latter depends on the Theodotionic conflation of the two anointed figures, lumping together the initial 7 with the later 62 weeks. The idea that this prophecy about the desolation of the Temple could be used as a chronographical datum to date the arrival of the Messiah arose later in the third century AD, cf. especially the varied chronographical schemes pursued by Julius Africanus. However even Eusebius in the fourth century AD still advanced the interpretation that the "anointed one, a ruler" from Daniel 9:26 was meant to signify the high priesthood of the Temple from Jeshua to Hyrcanus II (reckoning 483 years from the rebuilding of the Temple under Darius II to the 15th year of Augustus Caesar when Herod was appointed ruler), brought to an end by Herod the Great, the "coming ruler".
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Doug Mason
Leolaia,
I cannot thank you enough for your wonderful knowledge and above that, your generosity in freely sharing it with us all.
Doug
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Leolaia
Another question: How does the WTS work out that Jesus' ministry lasted 3 1/2 years?
Circular reasoning.
Going by the plethora of hits, the prophecy of the "70 weeks/sevens" must be the most abused prophecy in the Bible, with minds far greater than ours providing their wildly different explanations.
Montgomery back in the 1920s fittingly called the interpretation of ch. 9 as "the dismal swamp".
I was not interested in assessing the validity of their interpretations, rather I was simply interested in finding documented evidences of what the Jews and Christians wrote at the time leading up to the early Church Fathers.
Yeah, you should take a look at Adler's article. Oh and I do recall an interpretation in one of the apocalyptic Dead Sea Scrolls....I should look up the reference.
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Leolaia
Here is the article via Google Books:
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muzzy
Hi Leolaia,
I've been trying to contact you. Did you get my PM ?