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Existentialism
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The philosophersSøren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche foreshadowed existentialism. |
Existentialism is the philosophy that holds that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual. [ 1 ] In existentialism, the individual's starting point is characterized by what has been called "the existential attitude", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. [ 2 ] Many existentialists have regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Existentialism is characterized by its proponents having profound doctrinal differences relative to other philosophies. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
The early 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard is generally considered the founder of existentialism. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] He maintained that the individual is solely responsible for giving his or her own life meaning and for living that life passionately and sincerely, [ 10 ] [ 11 ] in spite of many existential obstacles and