This is from a lecture attended for a Health Educator's Annual Conference and I would like your thoughts on it. Some of the information is for people to find help who are suffering from emotional abuse. Emotional Abuse has a wide range and there are some information on finding help. I know they are in Canada b/c that is where the lecturer was from. I know this is a kinda long post.. but it is a serious subject.
Thank you.
Xandria
What is Emotional Abuse?
There is no universally accepted
definition of emotional abuse. Like
other forms of violence in relationships,
emotional abuse is based on power and
control. The following are widely
recognized as forms of emotional abuse:
Rejecting
refusing to acknowledge
a persons presence, value or worth;
communicating to a person that she
or he is useless or inferior; devaluing
her/his thoughts and feelings. Example:
repeatedly treating a child differently
from siblings in a way that suggests
resentment, rejection or dislike for the
child.
Degrading
insulting, ridiculing,
name calling, imitating and
infantilizing; behaviour which
diminishes the identity, dignity and
self-worth of the person. Examples:
yelling, swearing, publicly humiliating
or labelling a person as stupid;
mimicking a persons disability; treating
a senior as if she or he cannot make
decisions.
Terrorizing
inducing terror or
extreme fear in a person; coercing by
intimidation; placing or threatening to
place a person in an unfit or dangerous
environment. Examples: forcing a child
to watch violent acts toward other
family members or pets; threatening to
leave, physically hurt or kill a person,
pets or people she/he cares about;
threatening to destroy a persons
possessions; threatening to have a
person deported or put in an
institution; stalking.
Isolating
physical confinement;
restricting normal contact with others;
limiting freedom within a persons own
environment. Examples: excluding a
senior from participating in decisions
about her or his own life; locking a
child in a closet or room alone; refusing
a female partner or senior access to her
or his own money and financial affairs;
withholding contact with
grandchildren; depriving a person of
mobility aids or transportation.
Corrupting/Exploiting
socializing
a person into accepting ideas or
behaviour which oppose legal
standards; using a person for advantage
or profit; training a child to serve the
interests of the abuser and not of the
child. Examples: child sexual abuse;
permitting a child to use alcohol or
drugs; enticing a person into the sex
trade.
Denying Emotional Responsive-ness
failing to provide care in a
sensitive and responsive manner; being
detached and uninvolved; interacting
only when necessary; ignoring a
persons mental health needs.
Examples: ignoring a childs attempt to
interact; failing to show affection,
caring and/or love for a child; treating a
senior who lives in an institution as
though she/he is an object or "a job to
be done."
1
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Emotional abuse accompanies other
forms of abuse, but also may occur on
its own.
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No abuse neglect, physical, sexual
or financial can occur without
psychological consequences.
Therefore all abuse contains elements
of emotional abuse.
2
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Emotional abuse follows a pattern; it
is repeated and sustained.
3 If left
unchecked, abuse does not get better
over time. It only gets worse.
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Like other forms of violence in
relationships, those who hold the
least power and resources in society,
for example, women and children,
are most often emotionally abused.
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Emotional abuse can severely damage
a persons sense of self-worth and
perception.
4
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In children, emotional abuse can
impair psychological development,
including: intelligence, memory,
recognition, perception, attention,
imagination and moral development.
Emotional abuse can also affect a
childs social development and may
result in an impaired ability to
perceive, feel, understand and
express emotions.
5
How Widespread
Is Emotional Abuse?
Only a few studies provide insight
about the prevalence of emotional
abuse in Canada. Emotional abuse is
difficult to research because:
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in comparison to other forms of
abuse, its effects have only recently
been recognized;
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there are no consistent definitions
and it is hard to define;
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it is difficult to detect, assess and
substantiate; and
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many cases of emotional abuse go
unreported.
A recent study of Ontario investigations
into child maltreatment found that, in
1993, 10 percent of investigations
alleged emotional abuse.
6
In 1993, 39 percent of women in
abusive relationships reported that their
children saw them being assaulted.
7
In 1995, the Canadian Womens Health
Test found that of 1000 women 15
years of age or over:
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36 percent had experienced
emotional abuse while growing up;
43 percent had experienced some
form of abuse as children or
teenagers.
Against Women Survey showed that
among ever-married or common-law
Canadian women aged 18 to 65 years,
emotional abuse is widespread. The
study found that:
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35 percent of all women surveyed
reported that their spouse was
emotionally abusive.
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18 percent of women reported
experiencing emotional abuse but not
physical abuse in a relationship.
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77 percent of women reported
emotional abuse in combination
with physical abuse.
9
In one Canadian study on abuse in
university and college dating relation-ships,
81 percent of male respondents
reported that they had psychologically
abused a female partner.
10
In 1995, a study of seniors client
records from various agencies across
Canada found that psychological abuse
was the most prevalent form of abuse.
Questions about insults, swearing and
threats were asked as a measure of
chronic verbal aggression.
Facts to Consider
Emotional abuse of children can result
in serious emotional and/or
behavioural problems, including
depression, lack of attachment or
emotional bond to a parent or
guardian, low cognitive ability and
educational achievement, and poor
social skills.
13
One study which looked at emotionally
abused children in infancy and then
again during their preschool years
consistently found them to be angry,
uncooperative and unattached to their
primary caregiver. The children also
lacked creativity, persistence and
enthusiasm.
14
Children who experience rejection are
more likely than accepted children to
exhibit hostility, aggressive or passive-aggressive
behaviour, to be extremely
dependent, to have negative opinions
of themselves and their abilities, to be
emotionally unstable or unresponsive,
and to have a negative perception of
the world around them.
15
Parental verbal aggression (e.g., yelling,
insulting) or symbolic aggression
(e.g., slamming a door, giving the silent
treatment) toward children can have
serious consequences. Children who
experience these forms of abuse
demonstrate higher rates of physical
aggressiveness, delinquency and inter-personal
problems than other children.
Children whose parents are additionally
physically abusive are even more likely
to experience such difficulties.
16
Children who see or hear their mothers
being abused are victims of emotional
abuse. Growing up in such an
environment is terrifying and severely
affects a childs psychological and social
development. Male children may learn
to model violent behaviour while
female children may learn that being
abused is a normal part of relationships.
This contributes to the intergener-ational
cycle of violence.
17
Many women in physically abusive
relationships feel that the emotional
abuse is more severely debilitating than
the physical abuse in the relationship.
18
Repeated verbal abuse, such as
blaming, ridiculing, insulting, swearing,
yelling and humiliating, has long-term
negative effects on a womans
self-esteem and contributes to feelings
of uselessness, worthlessness and
self-blame.
Threatening to kill or physically harm
a female partner, her children, other
family members or pets establishes
dominance and coercive power on the
part of the abuser. The female partner
feels extreme terror, vulnerability and
powerlessness within the relationship.
This type of emotional abuse can make
an abused woman feel helpless and
isolated.
Jealousy, possessiveness and interro-gation
about whereabouts and activities
are controlling behaviours which can
severely restrict a female partners
independence and freedom. Social and
financial isolation may leave her
dependent upon the abuser for social
contact, money and the necessities of
life.
Emotional abuse can have serious
physical and psychological
consequences for women, including
severe depression, anxiety, persistent
headaches, back and limb problems,
and stomach problems.
19
Women who are psychologically abused
but not physically abused are five times
more likely to misuse alcohol than
women who have not experienced
abuse.
20
Senior abuse is still a new issue and
there is little research in this field on
emotional abuse.
We do know that senior emotional
abuse and neglect can be personal or
systemic and that it occurs in a variety
of relationships and settings, including
abuse by:
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a partner,
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adult children or other relatives,
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unrelated, formal or informal
caregivers, or
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someone in a position of trust.
Seniors who are emotionally abused
may experience feelings of extreme
inadequacy, guilt, low self-esteem,
symptoms of depression, fear of failure,
powerlessness or hopelessness.
21 These
signs may be easily confused with loss
of mental capability so that a senior
may be labelled as "senile" or
"incapable" when in fact she or he
may be experiencing emotional abuse.
Abusers may often outwardly display
anger and resentment toward the
senior in the company of others. They
may also display a complete lack of
respect or concern for the senior by
repeatedly interrupting or publicly
humiliating her or him. Not taking into
account a seniors wishes concerning
decisions about her or his own life is
an outward sign of abuse.
22
Detecting Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse may be difficult to
detect. However, personal awareness
and understanding of the issue is key to
recognizing it. The following indicators
may assist in detecting emotional abuse.
Possible Indicators of Emotional Abuse and Neglect
Children
23
Adults depression
withdrawal
low self-esteem
severe anxiety
fearfulness
failure to thrive in infancy
aggression
emotional instability
sleep disturbances
physical complaints with no medical
basis
inappropriate behaviour for age or
development
overly passive/compliant
suicide attempts or discussion
extreme dependence
underachievement
inability to trust
stealing
depression
withdrawal
low self-esteem
severe anxiety
fearfulness
feelings of shame and guilt
frequent crying
self-blame/self-depreciation
overly passive/compliant
social isolation
delay or refusal of
medical treatment
discomfort or nervousness around
caregiver or relative
suicide attempts or discussion
substance abuse
avoidance of eye contact
other forms of abuse present or
suspected
other forms of abuse present or suspected
Legal Interventions
Legal intervention in cases of child
emotional abuse and neglect is
governed by provincial and territorial
child protection legislation. Most
jurisdictions require that alleged or
suspected child emotional abuse or
neglect be reported to child protection
authorities or the police. In some
jurisdictions, failure to report child
emotional abuse or neglect may result
in a fine or imprisonment.
24
Emotionally abusive behaviour such as
repeatedly following the other person
or someone known to her or him;
intimidating or attempting to intimi-date;
repeatedly communicating,
directly or indirectly, with the other
person or someone known to her or
him; harassing the other person with
telephone calls; besetting or watching
the other persons house or place of
work; and/or engaging in threatening
conduct directed at the other person or
a member of her or his family is
criminal harassment. These behaviours
must cause a person to fear for her or
his safety or the safety of someone she
or he knows. Other forms of emotional
abuse such as insulting, isolating,
infantilizing, humiliating, and ignoring,
although serious, are not criminal
behaviours and cannot be prosecuted
under the Criminal Code of Canada.
What Can You Do?
IF YOU ARE BEING ABUSED:
Remember:
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You are not alone
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It is not your fault
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No one ever deserves to be abused
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Help is available
IF YOU SUSPECT OR KNOW THAT
SOMEONE IS BEING ABUSED:
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Listen
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Believe
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Support
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Let the person know about available
support services
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Report suspected or known child
abuse or neglect to a child welfare
agency or the police
IF YOU ARE A SERVICE PROVIDER:
Work with other organizations to:
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Increase awareness of emotional
abuse
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Address the needs of those who have
been or are being emotionally abused
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Keep informed of resources and
materials relating to intervention
and prevention of abuse
Where to Go for Support Services
24 hour help-line or distress line
transition house or shelter
social service agency
child welfare or family services agency
police
legal aid service
health professional (e.g., nurse,
doctor, dentist)
community health centre
public health department
community counselling centre
home support agency
seniors centre
community living association
friendship centre
religious organization ( lol don't know about that one, unless you have a trust worthy person to turn to.. trust your instincts).
Suggested Resources
Canadian Panel on Violence Against
Women.
Changing the Landscape:Ending Violence Achieving Equality.
Health Canada,
Fact Sheets on Parent-Teen
Relationships; Parent-Child
Relationships; Wife Abuse The Impact
on Children; Family Violence Against
Women with Disabilities; Family
Violence Against People with a Mental
Handicap; Wife Abuse; Dating Violence;
and Elder Abuse. Ottawa: National
Clearinghouse on Family Violence.
The Mental Health Division of Health
Canada has produced a number of
publications on senior abuse and
neglect which are available through
the National Clearinghouse on Family Violence.
The kit is available in both
English and French. Contact: Canadian
Institute of Child Health,
885 Meadowlands Drive East,
Suite 512, Ottawa, Ontario K2C 3N2.
Tel: (613) 224-4144;
Fax: (613) 224-4145.
Nobodys Perfect
is a support and
educational program for parents of
children from birth to age five. This
program, which was developed by
Health Canada, is available in both
English and French. Contact: Canadian
Association of Family Resource
Programs, 205-120 Holland Avenue,
Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0X6. Tel: (613)
728-3307; Fax: (613) 729-5421.
Getting Our Message Ou
t, developed by
the YWCA of Canada, 1995, is a
handbook to help communities raise
awareness and take action on violence
against women with particular focus on
the media.
Fresh Start by Joan
LeFeuvre, 1992, is a practical guide for
women in abusive relationships. The
YWCA has also produced a kit
TheresNo Excuse for Abuse
which provides
basic information, ideas and actions on
woman abuse and is especially
applicable for rural and remote
communities. All are available in both
English and French. Contact: YWCA of
Canada, 80 Gerrard Street East,
Toronto, Ontario M5B 1G6. Tel: (416)
593-9886; Fax: (416) 971-8084.
A. S. A. P.: A School-Based
Anti-Violence Program
by
Marlies Suderman, Peter Jaffe and
Elaine Hastings, 1993, is an evaluated,
community-based program which
addresses topics applicable to
elementary and secondary school
communities. The program includes
sections on professional development,
handling disclosures, intervention
strategies, overcoming roadblocks,
developing an action plan as well as
many additional resources. Contact:
London Family Court Clinic, 254 Pall
Mall Street, London, Ontario N6A 5P6.
Tel: (519) 679-7250;
Fax: (519) 675-7772.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives:
Interventions for Older Victims of
Abus
e, by Nova House, 1995, is a
manual for service providers which
proposes an interdisciplinary approach
to intervention strategies for seniors
who are abused or neglected. The
manual also refers readers to resources
and sources of support. This document
is also available in both English and
French. Contact: Nova House Womens
Shelter, Box 337, Selkirk, Manitoba
R1A 2B2. Tel: (204) 482-7882;
Fax (204) 482-8483.
A Handbook for the Prevention of
Family Violenc
e, developed by the
Community Child Abuse Council
Hamilton-Wentworth, 1991, is a
resource text for school personnel,
community agencies, health care
professionals, parents and volunteers.
The handbook addresses child abuse,
dating violence, wife abuse, children
who witness wife abuse, and elder
abuse. Contact: Community Child
Abuse Council of Hamilton/
Wentworth, 75 MacNab Street South,
2nd Floor, Hamilton, Ontario L8P 3C1.
Tel: (905) 523-1020;
Fax: (905) 523-1877.
Research Centres on Family Violence
and Violence Against Wome
n: The five
Research Centres form a national
network to achieve academic/
community collaboration. Contacts:
BC/Yukon Feminist Research,
Education, Development and Action
Centre (FREDA
), Simon Fraser
University, 515 Hastings Street,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6B 5K3.
Tel: (604) 291-5197;
Fax: (604) 291-5189.
Research Centre on Family Violence
and Violence Against Women,
413 Tier
Building, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2.
Tel: (204) 474-8965;
Fax: (204) 261-3283.
Centre for Research on Violence Against
Women and Children,
100 Collip Circle,
Suite 240, UWO Research Park,
London, Ontario N6G 4X8. Tel: (519)
858-5033, Fax: (519) 858-5034.
Right from the Start: Dating Violence
Prevention for Teens
One Hit Leads to Another (Violence Against
Women)
Many of the above listed agencies can also refer you to there sister sites in different countries.