Being a JW is like having a Microsoft operating system. The updates keep coming to plug the holes.
(I'm really enjoying the liberation of my Chromebook! Solid state drive is like Warp Factor drive:)
when and why did the governing body suddenly appear?.
the governing body of jehovah’s witnesses, for all practical purposes, did not really exist as it does today, until a dangerous crisis** had developed in the watchtower religion at the headquarters beginning of the 1970’s.
historically, the founder of the watchtower corporate empire was a men’s clothing entrepreneur named c.t.
Being a JW is like having a Microsoft operating system. The updates keep coming to plug the holes.
(I'm really enjoying the liberation of my Chromebook! Solid state drive is like Warp Factor drive:)
when and why did the governing body suddenly appear?.
the governing body of jehovah’s witnesses, for all practical purposes, did not really exist as it does today, until a dangerous crisis** had developed in the watchtower religion at the headquarters beginning of the 1970’s.
historically, the founder of the watchtower corporate empire was a men’s clothing entrepreneur named c.t.
I mean if God doesn't exist and our 70 years are simply futile then what is the point? Why carry on at all? Why not just end it now? Anyway I'm digressing. Thanks all. This whole thing blows my mind, and it blows my mind that I never saw it as a R&F member for so many years.....
___________
We only get the wrong and scary ideas when we ask the wrong questions and accept the easy wrong answers!
If we are very lucky--life is what we make of it. Barring accidents or bad luck, we can build a wonderful life in pretty much the same way a wonderful house is built. It takes planning and hard work and an excellent location.
I look at the idea of GOD dispassionately now.
How could an intelligent Supreme Being not go insane floating in the middle of nothingness for zillions of eons?
Then, unable to NOT exist--incapable of suicide--he creates dinosaurs for millions of years and watches them eat each other?
See what I mean? Silly!
There are enough wonderful people in this world who help others with kindness and generosity that we can emulate and become useful to others as well. There is nothing more satisfying than reaching out to a person in need. You can visit hospitals, volunteer, get involved in community charities--the list is endless. Let's face it--life is not all about ourselves. It's just hard not to become occupied with tickling the fancy of a super-invisible-deity and hoping he'll give us flowers and wine forever.
Silly, like I said :)
i wanted to write my experience on how my husband helped me see the ttatt (the truth about the truth).
first, let me mention that he wrote his own experience a couple months ago under the name sanchy.
for his story please click here….. http://www.jehovahs-witness.com/topic/5148261828526080/walking-thin-line-resigning-elder
The clarity of your expression is out of the ordinary, to say the least. With a mind so adroit, I can see how relatively easy it was to work your way through this. The way the Watchtower writers string their beads of counterfeit logic, a rigid balance must be maintained at all times. Once you bring in rational and logical contexts or view the facade from a slightly different angle--the magic trick doesn't work any longer.
Congratulations!
Just be aware, the same mind that got you into the religion is still there and it has been repeatedly conditioned with fear buttons to trigger a relapse instantly. Expect that in advance and you'll be okay.
Now you'll also discover that all those "Brother and Sisters" aren't even your friends. They have a Pavlovian trip switch implanted to cut you off and see you as immediate enemies very quickly.
This the most hurtful realization. You spent all that time building a foundation of social support only to see it vanish instantly as though it were a dream. And you know what? It IS a dream of wish fulfillment.
It took me over 20 years to root out all the false concepts, counterfeit definitions, superstitious precepts and such.
I'd recommend 3 books. These are the books that helped me recalibrate my head as a kind of tune-up.
1. 10 Philosophical Mistakes by Mortimer J. Adler
2. Who Wrote the Bible by Richard Friedman
3. Misquoting Jesus by Bart Ehrman
_____________________
I wish you both all the best. Don't be surprised at how often you feel confused and depressed. The rug of absolute certainty has been pulled out from under you.
You had rock solid answers to all the important questions in the Universe which turned into mush. You'll get a craving for the certainty like crazy. It is worse than a tobacco or drug addiction!
Last, but not least, you'll discover a Jehovah-size hole in the center of your heart where your conscience and self-respect should have been.
Just think of how kids have stuffed animals or dolls that they give names to, talk to, play games with--and it is comforting and real to them. Well, it is not much different with Jehovah. You've been talking to yourself and calling it Jehovah!
But--it's too soon for you to even think about that.
Take care of your SELF in order to become whole again. Your individuality has been ripped away from you and your switch was tripped to OBEY mode. Now, where and how will you function unless you can make personal decisions for yourself without the alarm bell of implanted GUILT going off? In a cult, all roads lead back inside!
The Watchtower cult did this to you on purpose. Make no mistake.
It is cruel and inhuman. But, don't worry--it gets better once you develop confidence and perspective.
I'd suggest you stay away from RELIGION in any form for at least one year or else you might end up going from the frying pan into the oven:)
Remember--you are a God-aholic. Take one day at a time.
-
Cheers,
Terry
when and why did the governing body suddenly appear?.
the governing body of jehovah’s witnesses, for all practical purposes, did not really exist as it does today, until a dangerous crisis** had developed in the watchtower religion at the headquarters beginning of the 1970’s.
historically, the founder of the watchtower corporate empire was a men’s clothing entrepreneur named c.t.
Judge" Rutherford helped Pastor Russell draft his Last Will and Testament. As legal advisor this was fitting. Russell named five men who would administrate the Watch Tower Society on an editorial board.
Conventionally, the person who drafts your will is not allowed to BENEFIT in any way from the legacy!
In case replacements were needed for the 5 administrators, Russell named 5 (FIVE) men as suitable replacements.
Here is where the mystery begins! On this will appears the name of a 6th (SIXTH) personJ.F.Rutherford!
Page 60 of the fourth edition of "Crisis of Conscience" states in a footnote at the bottom of the page that: "Russell did not list Rutherford among these five but placed him in the group of five who might serve as replacements if occasion required."
"The will, along with a number of letters and other statements about the administration of the Watch Tower Society, was printed in the December 1, 1916 edition of The Watch Tower. To the positions in the editorial board, Russell’s will had named W. E. Page, W. E. Van Amburgh , H.C. Rockwell, E. W. Brenneisen and F. H. Robinson. Quite curiously, Russell’s will writes about “the five whom I suggest as possibly amongst the most suitable from which to fill vacancies” (emphasis added) and then lists six names: A. E. Burgess, R. Hirsh, I. Hoskins, G. H. Fisher, Dr. J. Edgar and J. F. Rutherford. It is certainly possible, but this author has not found it possible to fully confirm or reject this theory, that one name was added to the list after Russell had written it: Rutherford’s. Whatever the case may be, Page and Brenneisen declined to be on the Board for personal reasons, and Hirsh and Rutherford replaced them .
"The Watch Tower was left in the hands of a committee of five, an editorial committee (there was also a seven man board of directors). Rutherford wasn't on the list of five, he was on the list of "possible replacements". Russell stated "five" and there are six names listed, ironically the Judges name is listed. Anyone who knows their history knows that Russell avoided the Judge like the plague."
_______Jan S. Haugland September 26, 2000
Hovedoppgave / Master Thesis
Russell specified that the Society was to never publish another journal, meaning they could only publish The Watch Tower, which is why when the Judge began to publish The Golden Age, he did so against Russell's wishes, and he published it under a different name.
Also, Russell requested that all of his writings as well as all articles appearing in the Watch Tower be anonymous.
The Judge somehow made it on the Editorial committee, then weaseled his way onto an 3 man executive committee, being assured that he would be elected president. he wrote up by-laws which gave the president FULL control of the Society, it's assets, EVERYTHING. At the business meetings the by-laws were illegally approved and passed. I say illegally because ONLY the board of directors could pass and approve by-laws, NOT the membership. When the board attempted to rescind those by-laws, Rutherford dismissed and replaced them.
After a few years, the ousted directors gave up the fight, and incorporated the Pastoral Bible Institute in 1918, there was also the Stand Fast Bible Students Association and the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement, as well as others.
___________The complete Last Will and Testament is here:
horrible crime in glasgow on thursday evening when a well loved muslim shop keeper asad shah was stabbed to death by at least one other muslim man.
mohammad faisal, a family friend, said a bearded muslim wearing a long religious robe entered mr shah’s shop and spoke to him in his native language before stabbing him in the head with a kitchen knife.. mr shah had posted the twitter message ‘good friday and a very happy easter, especially to my beloved christian nation’.
residents of shawlands in glasgow say he was well respected and had been known to hand out christmas cards to neighbours despite being of a different faith.. hundreds have turned out in a vigil near the crime scene....
when and why did the governing body suddenly appear?.
the governing body of jehovah’s witnesses, for all practical purposes, did not really exist as it does today, until a dangerous crisis** had developed in the watchtower religion at the headquarters beginning of the 1970’s.
historically, the founder of the watchtower corporate empire was a men’s clothing entrepreneur named c.t.
Yes, that is undoubtedly true, Finklestein, the first resort of a tyrant is to identify "Enemies" and create fear of them. Isn't it always the persons who are whistleblowers questioning the authority of the failed leader?
Joseph Stalin and his disciple Sadaam Hussein wielded absolute power absolutely by isolating dissidents, marginalizing them and making an example of how others who may dissent would be treated.
DF-ing is the shun gun pointed at the face of any who might have an individual thought, a doubt, or a sideways glance at the exit.
i think little charlie russell having been born after many miscarriages by his mother, was doted on and coddled beyond normal.
his mother died of a fever epidemic when he was about 9 and he may have associated burning with fever with burning in hell.he seemed to be obsessed about hell for awhile even to the point of graffiti on sidewalks marking scriptures as warnings.he was privately tutored and brought into the men's clothing business and given and adult's responsibilities.
although the family was presbyterian, there appears to be a streak of insubordination in the genes because they switched to a congregational church with an autonomy of leadership and no organizational oversight.why was this a big deal, do you think?
The Watchtower network of loose affiliates was Russellism; hero worship/admiration. Rutherford looked at that as Iron Man's suit--if he could just put it on he would be invincible.
He pretty much destroyed what Russell had in mind very quickly. What remained was peopled by human beings devoid of rational minds.
They had brutal instincts. All the good folks ran for the hills.
Dupes, drones, bullies remained and formed a shock troop moving forward. It was an ideology they espoused and their blunt weapon was the imminent Armageddon proximity to present day chronology. Which is to say: It is coming now!
Rutherford weaponized Russell's storefront delivery system.
when and why did the governing body suddenly appear?.
the governing body of jehovah’s witnesses, for all practical purposes, did not really exist as it does today, until a dangerous crisis** had developed in the watchtower religion at the headquarters beginning of the 1970’s.
historically, the founder of the watchtower corporate empire was a men’s clothing entrepreneur named c.t.
Russell reminds me of my Aunt Florence. She loved to go to 2nd hand stores, Salvation Army stores, DAV stores to rummage through (basically) hand-me-down junk.
Russell liked razzle-dazzle religious junk!
He was gifted with the genius of turd-polishing.
His wonderful wife, Maria (Moe-rye-uh) was a treasure who had gorgeous Spencerian handwriting and was an excellent editor for her hubby.
He was blessed with humble, irrational followers--mainly women.
Then, it all fell apart . . .
when and why did the governing body suddenly appear?.
the governing body of jehovah’s witnesses, for all practical purposes, did not really exist as it does today, until a dangerous crisis** had developed in the watchtower religion at the headquarters beginning of the 1970’s.
historically, the founder of the watchtower corporate empire was a men’s clothing entrepreneur named c.t.
_______________
WHEN and WHY DID THE GOVERNING BODY SUDDENLY APPEAR?
The Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses, for all practical purposes, did not really exist as it does today, until a dangerous crisis** had developed in the Watchtower religion at the headquarters beginning of the 1970’s. Did you know that?
Historically, the founder of the Watchtower corporate empire was a men’s clothing entrepreneur named C.T. Russell. This man published and distributed his personal opinions purported to be accurate interpretation of the Scriptures in 6 volumes, Studies in the Scriptures. Russell’s failing as a religious leader is now obvious. He had a fatal attraction to Pyramidology and Chronology which led to overconfidence in his wrong dates.
If God was leading him--it can only be said--God was leading him astray.
So charismatic was Russell’s persona, many Bible Students began looking at him as more than just a man. These people characterized him as the last prophetic messenger. Russell tended to shudder at such an idea. It took him years to warm to the possibility.
In 1909, Russell, in his discussion regarding the viewpoint of his friends and others, stated:
“Our friends reply that they are in no danger of worshiping the Society or anybody else; that their experience in man-worship and sect-worship are things of the past. They declare that they were led out of those forms of idolatry and into the proper reverence and worship of God and his Word by the Society’s publications and no others, and that they have never heard of any teachings which, in so clear and unmistakable language, guard the Lord’s people against every form of man-worship, sect-worship, etc., and that no others so fully and thoroughly set forth the rights and liberties of the Lord’s people as against the enslaving tendencies of the great Adversary and bishops, ministers and elders.
–Watch Tower, October 1, 1909, page 292
Russell found the idea of a religious Organization distasteful as shown here:
In 1915, Russell stated the following in the pages of the Watch Tower:
“On one occasion I was called upon by a minister of the Reformed Church. He wanted to know how I managed my church. I said to him, “Brother __________ I have no church.” He said, “You know what I mean.” I answered, “I want you to know what I mean too. We claim that there is only one Church. If you belong to that Church, you belong to our Church.” He looked at me in surprise. Then he said, “You have an organization; how many members are there?” I replied, “I cannot tell; we do not keep any membership rolls.” “You do not keep any list of the membership?” “No. We do not keep any list; their names are written in Heaven.” He asked, “How do you have your election?” I said, “We announce an election; and any or all of God’s people, who are consecrated and are accustomed to meet with this company, or congregation, may have the privilege of expressing their judgment of who would be the Lord’s preference for elders and deacons of the congregation.” “Well,” he said, “that is simplicity itself.” I then added, “We pay no salaries; there is nothing to make people quarrel. We never take up a collection.” “How do you get the money?” he asked. I replied, “Now, Dr. __________, if I tell you what is the simplest truth you will hardly be able to believe it. When people get interested in this way, they find no basket placed under their nose. But they see there are expenses. They say to themselves, ‘This hall costs something, and I see that free lunch is served between meetings, for those living at some distance. How can I get a little money into this thing, anyway?” He looked at me as if he thought, “What do you take me for –a greenhorn?” I said, “Now, Dr. __________, I am telling you the plain truth. They do ask me this very question, ‘How can [R5730 : page 219] I get a little money into this cause?’ When one gets a blessing and has any means, he wants to use it for the Lord. If he has no means, why should we prod him for it?”
— The Watch Tower, July 15, 1915, pages 218, 219.
The Watchtower was a business from the start having been incorporated as such and vested with a Board of Directors, all of whom followed exactly what Russell advised by rubber stamping and voting in accord with his sole direction.
Just before Russell died, Russell had the following printed in The Watch Tower, August 15, 1916, page 248:
Let it be borne in mind that the Society exercises no authority, makes no criticism, but merely gives advice; and that in the interest of the Lord’s Cause and the Lord’s people.
By the time of his death , Charles Taze Russell had traveled more than a million miles and preached more than 30,000 sermons. He had authored works totaling some 50,000 printed pages, and nearly 20,000,000 copies of his books and booklets had been sold.
Russell was the Director of policy, prophecy and administration in the Watch Tower Society.
In Pastor Russell’s Last Will and Testament, he clearly recorded his directives which did NOT include additional writings or teachings by anybody else, but only reprints of the old ones.
Would Russell’s successor (Judge J.F. Rutherford) continue that policy?
In a word, “NO!”
________________________
“Rutherford soon set about concentrating all organizational authority in his own hands. A skilled lawyer who had served as Russell's chief legal advisor, he combined legal prowess with what opponents undoubtedly saw as a Machiavellian approach to internal corporate politics. Thus he used a loophole in their appointment to unseat the majority of the Watch Tower directors without calling a membership vote. And he even had a subordinate summon the police into the Society's Brooklyn headquarters offices to break up their board meeting and evict them from the premises.” (Faith on the March by A. H. Macmillan, pp. 78-80)
_________________________
“After securing the headquarters complex and the sect's corporate entities, Rutherford turned his attention to the rest of the organization. By gradually replacing locally elected elders with his own appointees, he managed to transform a loose collection of semi-autonomous democratically-run congregations into a tight-knit organizational machine run from his office.”
"Worse Than Waco: Jehovah's Witnesses Hide a Tragedy" copyright © 1993 by David A. Reed
Rutherford left no doubt that he was running the show. He may have left the names of the “Directors” in the Watchtower magazine, but for all intents and purposes, he had fired them from any advisory capacity or voting power.
Rutherford let the Watchtower magazine stand for his own voice and made no mention of Organization as a personified proxy.
"It should be expected that the Lord would have a means of communication to his people on the earth, and he has clearly shown that the magazine called The Watchtower is used for that purpose," (1939 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p. 85).
Vice President Nathan Homer Knorr inherited the presidency upon Rutherford's death in 1942 but left doctrinal matters largely in the hands of Frederick W. Franz, who joined the sect under Russell and had been serving at Brooklyn headquarters since 1920.
Rutherford wanted attorney Hayden C. Covington and Fred Franz to succeed him. Franz and Knorr were cohorts and the two forced out Covington. With the Judge gone, for all intents and purposes the workload was divided between the two of them. Knorr would run the organized end and Franz would run with editorial abandon into crackpot chronology and prophecy and nobody was allowed to hinder him!
__________________________
In time, Knorr’s leadership blurred into a personified idea of the Society as something more than one man in charge. Lacking the personal magnetism and charisma of Russell and Rutherford, Knorr focused followers' devotion on the 'Mother' organization rather than on himself. Readers were directed to "show our respect for Jehovah's organization, for she is our mother and the beloved wife of our heavenly Father, Jehovah God." (The Watchtower, May 1, 1957, p. 285)
(Note: As the anointed Bride of Christ AND wife of Jehovah, this was an awkward metaphor, indeed. Father and son shared the same beloved wife!)
_______________________
Steadily through the 50’s and 60’s, the idea of a Theocracy and Organization were welded into a rulership on Earth requiring absolute authority and the obedience of all.
"Make haste to identify the visible theocratic organization of God that represents his king, Jesus Christ. It is essential for life. Doing so, be complete in accepting its every aspect," (Watchtower, Oct. 1, 1967, p. 591).
"We cannot claim to love God, yet deny his word and channel of communication," (Watchtower, Oct. 1, 1967, p. 591).
______________________
**
Remember that “Crisis” I mentioned in the first paragraph? We are almost at that point.
Fred Franz worked behind the scenes to restore faith in the sect's chronological calculations, a subject largely ignored following Rutherford's prophetic failure in 1925. The revised chronology established Christ's invisible return as having taken place in 1914 rather than 1874, and, during the 1960's, the Society's publications began pointing to the year 1975 as the likely time for Armageddon and the end of the world.
When the publication, Life Everlasting in Freedom of the Sons of God was released in 1968 the crisis erupted and nobody had prepared for it!
Nobody was keeping an eye on Freddie Franz!
He was ramping up a bellwether for another GREAT DISAPPOINTMENT!
"Why Are You Looking Forward to 1975?" in The Watchtower of August 15, 1968, pp. 494-501. Allowing for a small margin of error, it concludes a lengthy discussion with this thought: "Are we to assume from this study that the battle of Armageddon will be all over by the autumn of 1975, and the long-looked-for thousand-year reign of Christ will begin by then? Possibly, but we wait to see how closely the seventh thousand-year period of man's existence coincides with the sabbath like thousand-year reign of Christ. . . . It may involve only a difference of weeks or months, not years." (p. 499)
__________________________________________
Here is where a panicked meeting of the governing body was about to turn into a Governing Body. (Lower case gb into Capital GB)
“This new Governing Body was displayed as further evidence of the sect's being the one true church, but in actuality Nathan Knorr continued to rule Jehovah's Witnesses much as Russell and Rutherford had done before him. That is, until 1975, when Governing Body members began insisting on exercising the powers granted to them in theory but that had never really been theirs in practice. Over the objections of Fred Franz the Body that he had been instrumental in creating actually began governing, so that when Nathan Knorr passed away in 1977 Franz inherited an emasculated presidency.
Franz also inherited an organization troubled by discontent over the obvious failure of his prophecies of the world's end in the autumn of 1975. Even at Brooklyn headquarters little groups meeting privately for Bible study were beginning to question not only the 1914-based chronology that produced the 1975 deadline, but also the related teaching that the "heavenly calling" of believers ended in 1935, with new converts after that date consigned to an earthly paradise for their eternal reward.” "Worse Than Waco: Jehovah's Witnesses Hide a Tragedy" copyright © 1993 by David A. Reed
_______________
The embarrassing silence following the historic failure of Jehovah’s Witnesses
Extreme advertising of a non-event in 1975 stunned the members worldwide. JW’s were holding their collective breath.
To his discredit, Franz concocted silly temporary ad hoc postponement excuses as the Society, in deathly fear, began tightening its anaconda grip.
In the spring of 1980 they initiated a crackdown on dissidents, breaking up the independent Bible study groups at headquarters, and forming "judicial committees" to have those seen as ringleaders put on trial for "disloyalty" and "apostasy." "Worse Than Waco: Jehovah's Witnesses Hide a Tragedy" copyright © 1993 by David A. Reed
_____________
The Governing Body (capital letters) was flexing muscles and demanding loyalty publicly now.
Only this organization functions for Jehovah's purpose and to his praise. To it alone God's Sacred Word, the Bible, is not a sealed book," (Watchtower, July 1, 1973, p. 402).
"We all need help to understand the Bible, and we cannot find the Scriptural guidance we need outside the 'faithful and discreet slave' organization," (Watchtower, Feb. 15, 1981).
______________
As thousands began leaving the Watchtower religion, the excuses and blame-gaming continued.
"Allow No Place for the Devil!", The Watchtower, March 15, 1986, page 19, "Some opposers claim that Jehovah’s Witnesses are false prophets. These opponents say that dates have been set, but nothing has happened. ... Yes, Jehovah’s people have had to revise expectations from time to time.Because of our eagerness, we have hoped for the new system earlier than Jehovah’s timetable has called for it. But we display our faith in God’s Word and its sure promises by declaring its message to others. Moreover, the need to revise our understanding somewhat does not make us false prophets or change the fact that we are living in 'the last days,' ... How foolish to take the view that expectations needing some adjustment should call into question the whole body of truth! The evidence is clear that Jehovah has used and is continuing to use his one organization."
__________________
Today, of course, we see where all that history has led. The Governing Body are now superstars on TV! These usurpers have reinterpreted historic policy and demoted the anointed all over the world as part of the Faithful and Discreet Slave “class.”
The Governing Body alone rule supreme as Kings and Priests on camera.
All the while, these faithful “servants” conveniently ignore the scriptures which point out:
Matthew 20:26,27 (New American Standard) – It is not this way among you, but whoever wishes to become great among you shall be your servant, and whoever wishes to be first among you shall be your slave.
Mark 9:35 – He sat down, and called the twelve; and he said to them, “If any man wants to be first, he will be last of all, and servant of all.”
Mark 10:43 – But it shall not be so among you, but whoever wants to become great among you, will be your servant.
Mark 10:44 – Whoever of you wants to become first among you, shall be servant of all.
But no, alas! These self-aggrandizing slave masters crack the whip as a juggernaut in the spirit of the raucous Judge Rutherford who created martyrs gleefully. There is pretended humility backed up with the iron fist of fear and tyranny.
When the GB speaks or publishes their mere opinion it is clear to all, a prescribed demonstration of worshipful awe and obedience is what is required in return.
This elite group has claimed the Bible entirely for themselves!
"Thus the Bible is an organizational book and belongs to the Christian congregation as an organization, not to individuals, regardless of how sincerely they may believe that they can interpret the Bible," (Watchtower, Oct. 1, 1967, p. 587).
This elite group has placed themselves in the role of Mediator for all mankind!
In the year 2000 the Board of Directors no longer automatically constituted the Governing Body. At that time a complete changeover occurred in delegating administration away from the President and Board to outside corporate heads. The President of the Society was no longer even a member of the Governing Body. The membership began with seven and has fluctuated to nine, twelve and even eighteen persons over the years.
Today the corporate heads, who are Governing Body members, recommend policies, appointments and changes to suit their needs. Of the six overseeing committees, non-anointed secretaries and assistants may join in the meetings as helpers.
The ship of state is on automatic pilot as the lawyers and corporate advisors occupy themselves with lawsuits, payouts, hush money, destruction of evidence in pedophile hearings, fronting before the camera, cutting back on expenses, rebuilding the empire in their own feckless image.
And what an image it is!
They refer to themselves as Guardians of Doctrine.
In case you missed it, that’s G. O. D.
________________i think little charlie russell having been born after many miscarriages by his mother, was doted on and coddled beyond normal.
his mother died of a fever epidemic when he was about 9 and he may have associated burning with fever with burning in hell.he seemed to be obsessed about hell for awhile even to the point of graffiti on sidewalks marking scriptures as warnings.he was privately tutored and brought into the men's clothing business and given and adult's responsibilities.
although the family was presbyterian, there appears to be a streak of insubordination in the genes because they switched to a congregational church with an autonomy of leadership and no organizational oversight.why was this a big deal, do you think?
How much difference did finances make to Russell in his day?
Using the data calculator on the government website:
$100 of buying power in 1913 is equal to today's buying power of $2395.
So, when you read about the actual dollar amounts Russell had, made, or invested, multiply by 24 for a rough idea of what impact that money had.
_________
http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=100.&year1=1913&year2=2016