Here is an excerpt from Carolyn Wah's article, which I find very interesting considering her position as an Attorney for the WTS, which swears that it always maintains a position of political neutrality. Evidently, the WTS's definition of "political neutrality" does not prevent it from trying to promote legislation which would favor its own interests.
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An interesting example of civil disobedience in the Chinese community occurred in the United States following the enactment of the Geary Act of 1892. The Geary Act required all Chinese laborers living in the United States to register with the collector of internal revenue. Failure to register would subject the Chinese laborer to arrest and deportation. In 1892 there were approximately 85,000 Chinese laborers living in America. Ellen D. Katz, The Six Companies and the Geary Act: A Case Study in Nineteenth-Century Civil Disobedience and Civil Rights Litigation, 8 Western Legal History 227, 268 (1995). The Chinese Benevolent Association, also known as the Six Companies called for support from the Chinese community and urged the targeted workers to refuse to register and to risk deportation. In September 1892, the Six Companies under the leadership of its President, Chu Ti-chu, told John Quinn, the collector of internal revenue in San Francisco that the Chinese community would not comply with the Geary Act because the act "violated every principle of justice and equity and fair dealings between friendly powers." Id. at 271.
The Six Companies hoped that non-registration together with political, diplomatic pressures, and legal action would prompt either judicial invalidation or legislative appeal. The constitutionality of the Geary Act is challenged in court and eventually reaches the Supreme Court of the United States in Fong Yu Ting v. United States, 148 U.S. 698 (1893), which upheld the constitutionality of the Geary Act. Private citizens also showed their support for the Geary Act through violent attacks in Chinese workers such as the incident at Rock Spring, Wyoming in which white miners murdered twenty-eight Chinese workers. Id. at 249.
Congress responded with passage of the McCreary Amendment Act of 1893, that extended the registration requirement for six months. Despite these clear legal and political setbacks, the resistance lead by the Six Companies succeeded because the Cleveland administration decided not to enforce the mass deportations of Chinese workers.
The movement in resistance to the Geary Act that imposed the requirement for all Chinese laborers to register with the government or risk deportation is properly characterized as "a massive campaign of civil disobedience," because it was public, nonviolent, political and contrary to law. Katz, supra, at 228.
According to Confucian scholar Sumner B. Twiss, 'the highest Confucian ideal' is the "unity of Man and Heaven which . . . extends Confucianism humanism and its sense of moral responsibility to a planetary or even universal scale."137 Twiss claims that Confucianism like every other "cultural moral tradition" is universal and creates a duty to act when morality, whether "virtue-based or rights-based" is violated by the government.138
Therefore, the action of the individual is used to call attention to the need of the government to conform to the higher law. By taking the moral stand even when it violates civil law, the conscientious objector provides a service to the government. His actions are similar to the Confucian minister who corrected the Emperor at the risk of personal loss. This morally driven conduct provides a valuable service to the community and protects the stability of the government by calling attention to moral issues.