LEVITICUS 25 – THE SABBATICAL YEAR AND THE YEAR OF JUBILEE
Summary
In Leviticus 25, the Lord commands the Israelites to observe a Sabbath for the land and to observe the Year of Jubilee, a time of liberation.
Analysis
The priestly writers place a special emphasis on the Sabbath, beginning in Genesis 2:2-3, and continuing through Exodus into the book of Leviticus. In the list of "appointed festivals" and "holy convocations" in chapter 23, the weekly Sabbath takes first place. The Israelites are to work for six days, but the seventh day is to be "a sabbath of complete rest, a holy convocation" (23:3; see also 26:2). In chapter 25, even the land is granted a Sabbath rest. Every seventh year, the land is to lie fallow. No sowing of fields or pruning of vineyards is allowed in this Sabbath year. Echoing the commandment in chapter 23, it is to be "a sabbath of complete rest for the land, a sabbath for the LORD" (25:4). The Israelites, their servants, their livestock, and even the wild animals are allowed to eat what the land produces of itself in that Sabbath year, as well as what they have stored from the sixth year, and the promise is that there will be enough food for all (see 25:20-22).
The text goes on to speak of what could be called a Sabbath of Sabbaths. The Year of Jubilee is set by counting off "seven Sabbaths of years," or seven times seven years. The fiftieth year, then, is to be the Year of Jubilee (25:8-10). It is proclaimed with the blowing of the ram's horn on the Day of Atonement, the tenth day of the seventh month.
The Year of Jubilee is a time of Sabbath rest, a time of homecoming, and a time of liberation. The land is to lie fallow, as it does in the Sabbath year. Each Israelite is to return to his ancestral land and to his clan. Debts are to be forgiven, Israelite slaves are to be set free, and land is to be returned to its proper owners. In other words, if a person falls on hard times and is forced to sell his land or himself to pay off debts, the sale is not permanent. Both land and people are set free in the Year of Jubilee.