Bread for tomorrow

by peacefulpete 8 Replies latest watchtower bible

  • peacefulpete
    peacefulpete





    A number of prominent scholars over the past 80 years have understood the LP as eschatological, that is referring to end times and judgment rather than concerning daily life and needs of Christians as it is popularly understood. Further many have recognized the intertexuality of Matthew with Exodus. The Moses stories are many times alluded to by parallel and contrast with Jesus, the 'Greater Moses' according to Matt's author. (note the wilderness and 40 day/year etc parallels) The question arises which version of the LP to use as a base for this discussion Luke 11 or Matt 6. It is widely felt that Luke is more original as it is shorter and Matt's an expansion. I'm not really convinced of this as the supposed expansion in Matt very well fits contemporary Jewish prayers. For example see: the Qaddish prayer compared to the Lord's prayer Also to be noted, the manuscript variants are many in Luke's version either through harmonization with Matt or through deliberate abbreviation to remove the overtly Jewish language of Matt. But this is not central to the point of this thread. I will use Matt's as we are most familiar with it's wording.

    The LP opens with a standard Jewish opening "Our Father who is in Heaven, hallowed be your name, let your Kingdom come let your will be done on earth". This clearly in apocalypical Jewish context refers to a judgment day and eschatological theocracy.

    The next line is most interesting, "give us this day our daily bread". This line has spawned many debates. Is it a prayer for god's provision of life's necessities or is it more allusion to the day of judgement? Many debates revolve around the word here translated "daily". Some translations have "necessary" or "tomorrow's". Some translations have the Greek word, epiousion, translated one way in Matt and another in Luke. Problem is the word appears to have been coined by the author of Matt (assuming Luke's use of Matt) leaving scholars both ancient (Origen, Tertullian) and modern divided as to the etymology and meaning of the word. There are many suggestions offered, each deriving the word from different roots hence leading to differing meanings. Interestingly Jerome quoting a now lost Gospel of the Nazarenes uses the Aramaic mahar meaning 'tomorrow' in the LP. If however the Greek author of Matt intended simply to say 'tomorrow' why did he not use the ususal word aurion meaning tomorrow? Perhaps he was intentionally using an obscure word or coining his own Greek to carry the thought of 'day to come' from Hebrew eschatological literature and usage. All this has led to wonder if this is not yet another allusion to Exodus, in this case the manna story. Remember the story had the Israelites gathering the 'bread from heaven' each day for the present day until the 6th when they were to gather bread for the 7th day, the 'next day'. Note that the wording is urgent, give us THIS DAY (ie now) this manna for tomorow (day to come). If this is correct and the bread for tomorrow was an allusion to the 6th and last day of the week in Exodus then what we have may simply be another prayer for the 'Kingdom to come' rather than simply a petition for foodstuffs. Intertestamental reference to manna as being provided upon the establishment of God's Kingdom seems to support this conclusion. For example 2 Baruch 29:8...."the treasury of manna will come down from on high and they will eat of it in those days because they are the ones who have arrived at the consummation of the time." Understood in this way the words could be read, "Give us today the blessings of the day to come" implying either the desire to see the Kingdom come immediately or receive a taste of the blessings reserved for the future.

    The next line of the LP appears also to have a judgment context, "Forgive us our debts because we have forgiven our debtors". This would be very appropriate to ask if the LP was intended as a prayer focusing upon end times and judgement.

    The LP continues "And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil". This always struck me as a strange request. God lead me into temptation? Now it is true that the OT does make comments consistant with this notion including Ex 16:4, where God is said to offer the manna as some sort of 'proof' test but maybe the author of Matt here meant something else. The word 'temptation' does not accurately reflect the Greek here. It came into english translations via the Latin form which did more closely parallel the Greek. The word does not mean the daily appeals to vice or sin but rather a 'trial' and 'testing' such as when in the OT God is said to be trying Israel by his judging them wicked. The first phrase 'lead us not into' is idiomatic of 'keep away from' "avoiding". Together then the sentence could mean, "Help us avoid the coming time of trying". This interpretation fits well the eschatological nature of the LP. The word translated 'evil' also means 'harm' and so in this context seems to mean delivery from God's slaying of unbelievers.

    This is a sketchy summary of these suggestions and in no way is it certain. It is however quite interesting to see the words so often repeated by Christians being interpreted in a fashion quite foreign to modern Christians many of whom repell at the apocalyptic, cultish past of Christianity.

  • Leolaia
    Leolaia

    The sense of epiousios is one of the most vexing problems in NT Greek, partly because it occurs nowhere else in the literature (except in the parallel text in Didache 8:2 and in later citations of the Lord's Prayer) and partly it can have two possible etymologies: epi + einai "upon being", that is "bread for existence", or epi + ienai "upon coming", that is "incoming bread". Milavec notes that all the other events petitioned in the prayer are one-time events (i.e. the coming of the kingdom, being saved from trial, being forgiven), but this is not entirely convincing as the eschatology could conceivably assume a continuing "coming" of God's rule, or debts continually being forgiven. One other promising lead is to examine what OT source could lie behind Matthew 6:11 = Didache 8:2. However, there are two possibilities. Robert Gundry and Rick Byargeon look to Proverbs 30:8:

    MT: mmny r'sh w-'shr 'l ttn li, htrypny lchm chqy "Give me neither poverty nor riches; feed me the bread sufficient for me".
    LXX: penian mé moi dós suntaxon de moi ta deonta kai ta autarké "Give me not wealth or poverty, appoint for me the things needful and sufficient".
    Aquila: ...arton akribasmón mou "my bread of apportions/restrictions"
    Matthew 6:11: ton arton hémón ton epiousion dos hémin sémeron "give us our epiousion bread today"

    The interpretation of epiousion along the lines of "sufficient (for existence)" would be along the lines of etymology #1, being based on the participle epiousia. The main similarity is the association of bread + the act of "giving" and the possibility that epiousios can denote what facilitates existence (appropriate also for "food"). However Dale Allison prefers an analysis in line with etymology #2, and suggests Exodus 16 as the text lying behind the NT passage....the same text you also point to. He also points to the similar passage in John 6:34 (also influenced by the manna traditions of Exodus) and a verbal connection between Luke's redaction and the wording in Exodus 16:5 LXX. The passage also associates bread + the act of "giving" by God (cf. v. 8, 15, 29).

    The passage in 2 Baruch 29:8 is quite intriguing concerning a later eschatological provision of manna. The language in 4 Ezra 1:19 is also interesting: "I pitied your groanings and gave you manna for food, you ate the bread of angels". I am also reminded of the honeycomb story in Joseph and Asenath which has contacts with both the sacramental "bread of life" in John 6 (in fact, the honey is called "bread" at one point, and it brings eternal life as well) and the honey-like manna of Exodus.

  • Nate Merit
    Nate Merit

    Greetings Leolaia

    What a marvelous post. I hope you are able to post more in depth on this topic in future.

    The most interesting aspect of the LP for myself is touched upon here in your post:

    "The next line is most interesting, "give us this day our daily bread". This line has spawned many debates. Is it a prayer for god's provision of life's necessities or is it more allusion to the day of judgement? Many debates revolve around the word here translated "daily". Some translations have "necessary" or "tomorrow's". Some translations have the Greek word, epiousion, translated one way in Matt and another in Luke. Problem is the word appears to have been coined by the author of Matt (assuming Luke's use of Matt) leaving scholars both ancient (Origen, Tertullian) and modern divided as to the etymology and meaning of the word. There are many suggestions offered, each deriving the word from different roots hence leading to differing meanings. Interestingly Jerome quoting a now lost Gospel of the Nazarenes uses the Aramaic mahar meaning 'tomorrow' in the LP. If however the Greek author of Matt intended simply to say 'tomorrow' why did he not use the ususal word aurion meaning tomorrow? Perhaps he was intentionally using an obscure word or coining his own Greek to carry the thought of 'day to come' from Hebrew eschatological literature and usage. All this has led to wonder if this is not yet another allusion to Exodus, in this case the manna story. Remember the story had the Israelites gathering the 'bread from heaven' each day for the present day until the 6th when they were to gather bread for the 7th day, the 'next day'. Note that the wording is urgent, give us THIS DAY (ie now) this manna for tomorow (day to come). If this is correct and the bread for tomorrow was an allusion to the 6th and last day of the week in Exodus then what we have may simply be another prayer for the 'Kingdom to come' rather than simply a petition for foodstuffs. Intertestamental reference to manna as being provided upon the establishment of God's Kingdom seems to support this conclusion. For example 2 Baruch 29:8...."the treasury of manna will come down from on high and they will eat of it in those days because they are the ones who have arrived at the consummation of the time." Understood in this way the words could be read, "Give us today the blessings of the day to come" implying either the desire to see the Kingdom come immediately or receive a taste of the blessings reserved for the future."

    There is another possibility which you will most likely address in a future post. I speak of the Sacramental understanding of epiousion. Literally this word is above-essence (I am not typing this for you Leolaia, but for others reading this), or super-essence. Perhaps even super-essential. I have read some marevlously entertaining essays epiousion in Orthodox Catholic journals. (My wife is Greek Orthodox and I at one time was studying under Father Theophilus for the priesthood. I gave it up)

    I rather like a Sacramental understanding better than an eschatological understanding. I agree it is an allusion to the heavenly manna, and it does indeed carry a note of urgency. This all fits in rather nicely with a Sacramental understanding. It flows very well with Saint Ignatius, though I am well aware of the problems with the available manuscripts of his epistles. I have wondered if one could make a case that epiousion is merely a primitive error resulting from a scribal gloss. I haven't pursued this line of thought in a serious way, so I'm merely thinking aloud. Though I do it looking forward to your input.

    Thank you for yet another thought-provoking post.
    Nate

  • Nate Merit
    Nate Merit

    Ah life! :)>

    Nate

  • Narkissos
    Narkissos

    Nate,

    Cf. Jerome's etymological translation: panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie.

    See for instance http://trushare.com/46MAR99/mr99lord.htm

  • Nate Merit
    Nate Merit

    Narkissos! Thank you for that marvelous essay. I have saved it to my favorites. I'm going to print it out and present it to Father Theo when next we meet.

    This was a grand reminder of why I returned to the Biblical mythos. Layer upon layer, facet upon facet, level upon level. :)

    Namaste,
    Nate

  • Leolaia
    Leolaia

    Nate....Here is the honeycomb story from Joseph and Asenath, if you are not familiar with it. Bear in mind that the work is generally agreed to be of Jewish origin, but which (like 1 Enoch or 4 Maccabees) anticipates Christian... especially Johannine and proto-gnostic... ideas:

    "And Asenath hurried and set a new table before him [the heavenly man] and went to provide bread for him. And the man said to her, 'Bring me a honeycomb.' And Asenath stood still and was distressed, because she did not have a honeycomb in her storeroom. And the man said to her, 'Why do you stand still?' And Asenath said, "I will send a boy to the suburb, because the field which is our inheritance is close, and he will quickly bring you a honeycomb from there, and I will set it before you, Lord.' And the man said to her, 'Proceed and enter your storeroom, and you will find a honeycomb lying upon the table. Pick it up and bring it here.' And Asenath said, 'Lord, a honeycomb is not in my storeroom.' And the man said, 'Proceed and you will find one.' And Asenath entered her storeroom and found a honeycomb lying on the table. And the comb was big and white as snow and full of honey. And that honey was like dew from heaven and its exhalation like breath of life. And Asenath wondered and said to herself, Did this comb come from the man's mouth, because its exhalation is like the breath of this man's mouth? And Asenath took that comb and brought it to the man, and put it on the table which she had prepared before him. And the man said to her, 'How it is that you said that a honeycomb is not in your storeroom? And behold, you have brought a wonderful honeycomb.' And Asenath was afraid and said, 'Lord, I did not have a honeycomb in my storeroom at any time, but you spoke and it came into being. Surely this came out of your mouth, because its exhalation is like breath from your mouth.' And the man smiled at Asenath's understanding and called her to himself, and stretched out his right hand, and grasped her head and shook her head with his right hand. And Asenath was afraid of the man's hand, because sparks shot forth from his hand. And the man saw it and smiled and said, 'Happy are you, Asenath, because the ineffable mysteries of the Most High have been revealed to you, and happy are all who attach themselves to the Lord God in repentance, because they will eat from this comb. For this comb is full of the spirit of life. And the bees of the Paradise of delight have made this from the dew of the roses of life that are in the paradise of God. And all the angels of God eat of it and all the chosen of God and all the sons of the Most High, because this is a comb of life, and everyone who eats of it will not die forever and ever.' And the man stretched out his right hand and broke a small portion off the comb, and he himself ate and what was left he put with his hand into Asenath's mouth, and said to her, 'Eat.' And she ate. And the man said to Asenath, 'Behold, you have eaten bread of life, and drunk a cup of immortality, and been anointed with ointment of incorruptibility. Behold, from today your flesh will flourish like flowers of life from the ground of the Most High, and your bones will grow strong like the cedars of the Paradise of delight of God, and untiring powers will embrace you, and your youth will not see old age, and your beauty will not fail forever....And the man stretched out his right hand and touched the comb where he had broken off a portion, and it was restored and filled up, and at once it became whole as it was in the beginning" (Joseph and Asenath 16:1-17).

    Quite a remarkable text!

  • Nate Merit
    Nate Merit

    Dear Leolaia

    That could have been lifted right out of the Gospel of John! What a beautiful piece of literature. So many meaningfil allusions. I love John's Gospel. :) Thank you for this post.

    A great deal of the Nag Hammadi Library is quite lame compared to choice texts such as these.

    But you know that already.

    Nate

  • peacefulpete
    peacefulpete

    Hey this topic had some interest after all. I should say for the record that I'm inclined to disagree with the eschatological interpretation because of the striking similarity with the Qaddish and Amidah prayers of the time. I am left to feel that the prayer even may predate a sacremental/salvific layer of the Jesus stories.

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