Canada is a federation of ten provinces which, together with three territories, comprise the world's second largest country . The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that a province receives powers directly from the Constitution Act, 1867 , giving them greater competences and rights than a territory, which is delegated powers by the federal government .
Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia comprise the original provinces, when British North American colonies federated on July 1 , 1867 and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from Great Britain . Over the following six years, Manitoba , British Columbia , and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces.
The Hudson's Bay Company maintained control of large swaths of western Canada, until 1870 when it turned over the land to the Government of Canada, forming part of Northwest Territories . On September 1 , 1905 , the portion of Northwest Territories south of the 60° parallel became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan .
In 1869, Newfoundland decided in an election to remain a British territory, over concerns that central Canada would dominate when it comes to taxation and economic issues. In 1907, Newfoundland and Labrador acquired dominion status. However, in 1933, the government of Newfoundland fell and during World War II , Canada took charge of Newfoundland's defence. Following World War II, Newfoundland's status was in question. In a narrow majority, the citizens of Newfoundland and Labrador voted for confederation in a 1948 referendum. On March 13 , 1949 , Newfoundland and Labrador became Canada's tenth province.