The Blind Watchmaker - Dawkins

by mavie 12 Replies latest jw friends

  • New Worldly Translation
    New Worldly Translation
    Organisms that reproduce sexually do not experience genetic changes. All changes occur in offspring during reproduction

    That's not strictly true but you're right in that procreation generates the most obvious changes in genes. Gene mutations can be either inherited from a parent or acquired. A hereditary mutation is a mistake that is present in the DNA of virtually all body cells. Hereditary mutations are called germline mutations because the gene change exists in the reproductive cells and can be passed from generation to generation, and the mutation is copied every time body cells divide.

    Acquired mutations called somatic mutations, are changes in DNA that develop throughout a person's life. In contrast to hereditary mutations, somatic mutations arise in the DNA of individual cells; the genetic errors are passed only to direct descendants of those cells. Mutations are often the result of errors that crop up during cell division, when the cell is making a copy of itself and dividing into two and cells divide a lot. Acquired mutations can also be the byproducts of environmental stresses. Also different genes do different things, as you know, so some mutations will be neutral if they are to an unimportant gene and others will be dramatic especially if they are to a hox gene.

    You've brought up some good points Mavie. Mutation rates and which genes are important to natural selection and hox genes are hot topics at the moment in biology.

    A Dawkins book I would recommend is The Ancestors Tale. It's takes a journey from present day man all the way back to the simplest life forms explaining the evolutionary changes along the way.

  • mavie
    mavie

    Thanks for the replies.

    Calculating the mutation rate could help us determine a range of dates for the beginnings of life on the planet, similar to the way astronomers use the doppler effect to calculate the age of the universe.

    One of the big holes in the big bang theory for a number of years was data describing the universe as being younger than the earth itself. Improved doppler shift measurements now show the universe to be many billions, perhaps 10's of billions years older than the earth. I see some parallels in efforts to calculate the mutation rate.

  • TD
    TD
    How a species change can happen though gradual adaptation. My understanding of what constitutes a species revolves around the ability to procreate.

    It's not entirely about the ability to procreate because many animals have complex behaviour patterns. Sometimes what constitutes a separate species is largely a matter of how the animal in question goes about choosing a mate. IOW there are many animals that could cross species lines when they procreate, but don't.

    Think of each species as the center of it's own "solar system." Almost every species is surrounded by a layer of other species and/or sub-species that it is very closely related to. These in turn are surrounded by other layers of species that are not quite as closely related is the first layer, but still obviously related.

    For example, the Bengal tiger is obviously more closely related to the Sumatran tiger than to the Lion, and more closely related to the Lion than to the Cheetah and more closely related to the Cheetah than to some other animal outside of family Felidae entirely.

    The Bengal tiger can mate with the Sumatran tiger and produce fertile offspring. The Bengal tiger can (In captivity) mate with the lion and produce offspring (Tigons and Ligers) that are sterile about half the time. The Bengal tiger could (In theory) mate with the Cheetah, but no offspring would be produced at all.

    Is there a point where offspring cannot procreate with previous generations?

    There are clear examples of species that have diverged to the point where true reproductive isolation occurs. The Cheetah is one example. It's obviously a member of the Cat family, but it has diverged genetically from the main group. There are many types of hybrids that can occur among the big cats, (Lion/Tiger, Jaguar/Leopard, Jaguar/Tiger, Leopard/Lion, Puma/Leopard, Puma/Ocelot, Ocelot/Margay, etc.) but the Cheetah can't be crossed with any other cat.

    The Fox (Both old and new world) is another example. It's obviously a member of the Dog family, but it can't be crossed with other members of the dog family

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