Danse sacrée et danse profane for Harp and Strings (1904)
Claude Debussy's legacy to the musical world is immense. Not only did he leave a body of both piano solo and also orchestral music which includes many present-day favorites, such as La Mer, but he created a style of music which was seminal. The three other compositions in this program all trace some direct or indirect lineage to Debussy. In this sense, his contribution paralleled that of Monet in the world of art. Both were leaders in their own Impressionist styles.
It was due primarily to Debussy's dedication and perseverance that he succeeded at all. His family was poor and unable to provide a comfortable background for his studies. His career at the Conservatory in Paris was more frequently marked by second prizes than firsts. But he became the acknowledged leader of his generation, a result purely of their respect for his abilities. From then on his influence and recognition steadily increased. Two works really solidified his standing: his opera Pelléas et Mélisande (1902) and La Mer (1905). Thus he was already in his forties before the public at large really became aware of him. The two danses date from that most successful and influential period.
The piece came about as the result of a commission from the Pleyel company, which had developed a "chromatic" harp and desired a piece which could demonstrate its abilities. Although harps for solo performance and accompanying the voice are very ancient, the type of harp that could be used in orchestral music was not developed until the early 19th century. In order for an instrument to play in a modern orchestra, it must generally be capable of playing all (or at least most) of the notes in the appropriate key. The "pedal" harp, the type used for almost two centuries now, has a set of seven pedals each of which controls all of the strings of a particular note (for example the one on the left controls all the Cs, the next the Ds, and so on). Each pedal can take one of three positions: flat, natural and sharp. In this way, the harp can be tuned, almost instantaneously, to any diatonic mode. The chromatic harp solved the problem by having one string for each pitch (like a piano), thus alleviating the need for pedals. Despite, the excellence of the danses, the design was not a success and today, orchestral harps are always of the pedal type.
The Danses comprise two short movements joined as one. The two dances are influenced by Spanish music, which Debussy loved even before his friendship with de Falla. The slow and ritualistic Danse sacrée (sacred) may have been inspired by a short piano piece by the Portuguese composer, Francisco de Lacerda, who was friendly with Debussy. The Danse profane (secular, rather than profane) is a lively and lilting waltz, mostly in the key of D, but with chromatic alterations and a great deal of modulation to show off the chromatic possibilities of the instrument.
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