Baruch was a scribe. That ain't like a scribbler. No, a scribe was an esteemed professional in his day. Thought of as an attorney. They were trained and literate, and read the law(s) to the uneducated masses. I find it absolutely hysterical that the Watch Tower would say that Baruch preached a simpler, less educated life!
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Ancient Israel
Scribes in Ancient Israel, as in most of the ancient world, were distinguished professionals who could exercise functions we would associate with lawyers, government ministers, judges, or even financiers. Some scribes copied documents, but this was not necessarily part of their job. [ 13 ]
In 586 B.C., Jerusalem was captured by the Babylonians. The Temple was looted and then destroyed by fire. The Jews were exiled.
About 70 years later, the Jewish captives returned to Jerusalem from Babylon. According to the Bible, Ezra recovered a copy of the Torah and read it aloud to the whole nation.
The Jewish scribes used the following process for creating copies of the Torah and eventually other books in the Tanakh.
- They could only use clean animal skins, both to write on, and even to bind manuscripts.
- Each column of writing could have no less than forty-eight, and no more than sixty lines.
- The ink must be black, and of a special recipe.
- They must verbalize each word aloud while they were writing.
- They must wipe the pen and wash their entire bodies before writing the most Holy Name of God, YHVH every time they wrote it.
- There must be a review within thirty days, and if as many as three pages required corrections, the entire manuscript had to be redone.
- The letters, words, and paragraphs had to be counted, and the document became invalid if two letters touched each other. The middle paragraph, word and letter must correspond to those of the original document.
- The documents could be stored only in sacred places (synagogues, etc.).
- As no document containing God's Word could be destroyed, they were stored, or buried, in a genizah
Ancient Egypt
Egyptian scribe with papyrus scroll
The Ancient Egyptian scribe, or sesh, [ 1 ] was a person educated in the arts of writing (using both hieroglyphics and hieratic scripts, and from the second half of the first millennium BCE the demotic script was used as well) and dena (arithmetics). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Sons of scribes were brought up in the same scribal tradition, sent to school and, upon entering the civil service, inherited their fathers' positions. [ 4 ]
Much of what is known about ancient Egypt is due to the activities of its scribes. Monumental buildings were erected under their supervision, [ 5 ] administrative and economic activities were documented by them, and tales from the mouths of Egypt's lower classes or from foreign lands survive thanks to scribes putting them in writing. [ 6 ]
Scribes were also considered part of the royal court and did not have to pay tax or join the military. The scribal profession had companion professions, the painters and artisans who decorated and other relics with pictures and hieroglyphic text. A scribe was exempt from the heavy manual labor required of the lower classes.
[edit] Mesopotamia
An account of monthly barley rations issued to adults (30 or 40 pints) and children (20 pints) written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet. Written in year 4 of King Urukagina (circa 2350 BCE). From Girsu, Iraq. British Museum, London.
The Mesopotamian scribe, or dubsar, [ 7 ] received his or her early education in the "tablet house," or é-dubba. [ 8 ] As in Egypt, he was generally male [ 7 ] and belonged socially to an elite class. [ 7 ] The youngest of the Mesopotamian students typically received their first instruction from older students. [ 7 ] The older students appear to have been bribed into proffering preferential treatment, such as to avoid punishing certain children. [ 7 ] Excavations suggest that all the male children from the wealthier families of Mesopotamia were educated. [ 7 ]
Writing in early Mesopotamia seems to have grown out of the need to document economic transactions, and consisted often in lists which scribes knowledgeable in writing and arithmetics engraved in cuneiform letters into tablets of clay. [ 9 ] Apart from administration and accountancy, Mesopotamian scribes observed the sky and wrote literary works as well as the famous myth The Epic of Gilgamesh. They wrote on papyrus paper [ 10 ] as well as clay tablets. They also wrote and kept records. Scribe's writing tools were made of reeds and were called a stylus.
Babylonian scribes concentrated their schooling on learning how to write both Akkadian and Sumerian, in cuneiform, for the purposes of accountancy and contract dealings, in addition to interpersonal discourse and mathematical documentations. [ 8 ]
The Mesopotamian scribal profession was associated with the goddess Nisaba, who later would become replaced by the god Nabu. [ 8 ]
[edit] Egyptian and Mesopotamian functions
Besides the scribal profession for accountancy, and 'governmental politicking' , the scribal professions immediately branched-out into the socio-cultural areas of literature. The first stories probably related to societal religious stories, and gods, but the beginning of literature genres were starting.
In ancient Egypt an example of this is the Dispute between a man and his Ba. Some of these stories, the "wisdom literatures" may have just started as a 'short story', but since writing had only recently been invented, it was the first physical recordings of societal ideas, in some length and detail. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians had one of the beginnings of this literature in the middle to late 3rd millennium BC, and besides their creation stories, and religious texts, there is a series of disputations. An example from the small list of Sumerian disputations is the debate between bird and fish. [ 11 ] In the other Sumerian disputes, in the 'dispute between Summer and Winter' , summer wins. The other disputes are: cattle and grain, the tree and the reed, Silver and Copper, the pickax and the plough, and millstone and the gul-gul stone. [ 12 ]