Had Enough
Who is Bianchi and where can I read more?
Note I already posted this url a little higher on the thread but not what was written. Also go to your nearest medical library at U of T or MacMaster in Hamilton - They will help you too or if you have access to MEDLINE, ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi , you will get about 320 hits when you query "fetal nucleated red blood cells". There are thousands of more hits on "Medline" when you do other quiries of normoblasts etc.
Click on:
( http://salata.mef.hr/CMJ/3902/5-Holzgreve.htm
or on some computers click on:
( http://www.mef.hr/CMJ/3902/5-Holzgreve.htm
Brief Historical OverviewOne of the first issues that researchers in the field had to resolve was which fetal cell type was the most suitable. Although historically trophoblasts were the first fetal cells found in the maternal periphery (2), research on this cell type has been hampered in several ways, including the irregularity of trophoblast deportation (3), a feature which could be attributed to invariable trapping of these large multinucleate cells in the lungs (4). Additionally, their use in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based genetic analysis is restricted by their heterogenous genetic nature because of their multinucleate status and inherent mosaicism existing in the placenta (5,6). Another concern has been the apparent lack of specific antibodies (7-9).
The first results obtained with fetal lymphocytes were initially very promising in that the existence of fetal cells in the maternal circulation was first conclusively proved cytogenetically, by demonstrating the presence of Y-chromosome in a few lymphocytes isolated from women pregnant with male fetuses (10). Fetal leucocytes could also be enriched by the fluorescence activated cell sorting (11). However, their longevity (up to 6 years) rules them out as a serious contender for prenatal diagnosis, due to the possibility of obtaining cells from previous pregnancies (12-17). These experiments did, however, show that fetal cells could migrate into the maternal periphery, thereby providing the basis for a non-invasive prenatal diagnostic test. They also showed that a short lived cell of limited replicative capacity should be selected. This fact was recently underscored by the observation of Bianchi and co-workers (18) who detected the presence of male hematopoietic progenitors after an interval of almost three decades post partum. The cell which fulfills these criteria, easy to enrich for and readily identifiable, most effectively is the nucleated red blood cell – the erythroblast. Consequently most researchers in the field have focused their attention on this cell type. A problem with this cell type, which will be addressed below, is that not all of those found in the maternal periphery are of fetal but are also of maternal origin (19-22).
Albumin movement will take time to find but I will get it for you. The above url will link you to how they find the cells using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and a number of other techniques. They use the the fetal cells in the maternal (mother's blood) to identify problems such as muscular dystrophy etc. Oh, the first fetal cells were identified in 1969 - fetal lymphocytes (Types of WHITE BLOOD CELLS !!!!!!). 1969 for God's sake. As if the WT "HIS" didn't know this when they made their policy in 1990.
In the above link I give you, you can see a chart that shows for every 20 ml (millilitres) of maternal (mothers) blood any where from say 20 to greater than 2,000 fetal nucleated red blood cells.
Lets see more stuff you can read. Try:
( http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arch/11_2_96/fob1.htm
( http://www.geneletter.org/06-01-00/journalwatch/fetal.html
( http://www.eur.nl/fgg/ch1/fragx/bloed.html
I will see what else I can drag up for you. Maybe I might Email you.
Take care
Hawk
Note - I edited one of the urls as I don't think it was still in operation.