His successor Darius I (522-486) annexed 'India' and Thrace. Xerxes I (485-465) came up against the growing power of Greece.
This is a joke, because Xerxes and Artaxerxes were the same king! After Xerxes invaded Greece and ran back to Persia in disgrace and a laughingstock, Themistocles ended up fleeing to Persia. He requested a year to learn the language. That comes from a reference in Plutarch, Lives "Themistocles". But that audience with the king of Persia was with XERXES not Artaxerxes! Themistocles likely visited Persepolis where he saw that Xerxes had finished the buildings started by he and his father as "Artaxerxes", the new throne name adopted by Xerxes. There are actual records of a king "Artaxerxes who is called Xerxes" up to year 27. Themistocles was a master of propaganda, especially written propaganda. So he came up wtih the idea to leak his own letter to the king, only this time "Artaxerxes" requesting asylum. This completely contradicts the other historical record where Themistocles with a bounty on head was so afraid to identify himself he insisted he identify himself only once in the presence of the king himself. He certainly would thus not be sending a letter ahead of himself announcing his arrival, a letter that certainly would have been intercepted. At any rate, obviously historians who knew he had come to Xerxes claims Themistocles was lying when he said he fled to Artaxerxes. Of course, he was lying, but it gave Xerxes a new lease on life! They historians never figured out that Xerxes and Artaxerxes were the same king:
Here's the reference from Plutarch, Lives, Themistocles about the controversy, and the historical reference of Themistocles before XERXES!
Thucydides and Charon of Lampsacus say that Xerxes was dead, and that Themistocles had an interview with his son; but Ephorus, Dinon, Clitarchus, Heraclides, and many others, write that he came to Xerxes. The chronological tables better agree with the account of Thucydides, and yet neither can their statements be said to be quite set at rest.
When Themistocles was come to the critical point, he applied himself first to Artabanus, commander of a thousand men, telling him that he was a Greek, and desired to speak with the king about important affairs concerning which the king was extremely solicitous. Artabanus answered him, "O stranger, the laws of men are different, and one thing is honorable to one man, and to others another; but it is honorable for all to honor and observe their own laws. It is the habit of the Greeks, we are told, to honor, above all things, liberty and equality; but amongst our many excellent laws, we account this the most excellent, to honor the king, and to worship him, as the image of the great preserver of the universe; if, then, you shall consent to our laws, and fall down before the king and worship him, you may both see him and speak to him; but if your mind be otherwise, you must make use of others to intercede for you, for it is not the national custom here for the king to give audience to any one that doth not fall down before him." Themistocles, hearing this, replied, "Artabanus, I that come hither to increase the power and glory of the king, will not only submit myself to his laws, since so it hath pleased the god who exalteth the Persian empire to this greatness, but will also cause many more to be worshippers and adorers of the king. Let not this, therefore, be an impediment why I should not communicate to the king what I have to impart." Artabanus asking him, "Who must we tell him that you are? for your words signify you to be no ordinary person," Themistocles answered, "No man, O Artabanus, must be informed of this before the king himself." Thus Phanias relates; to which Eratosthenes, in his treatise on Riches, adds, that it was by the means of a woman of Eretria, who was kept by Artabanus, that he obtained this audience and interview with him.
When he was introduced to the king, and had paid his reverence to him, he stood silent, till the king commanding the interpreter to ask him who he was, he replied, "O king, I am Themistocles the Athenian, driven into banishment by the Greeks. The evils that I have done to the Persians are numerous; but my benefits to them yet greater, in withholding the Greeks from pursuit, so soon as the deliverance of my own country allowed me to show kindness also to you. I come with a mind suited to my present calamities; prepared alike for favors and for anger; to welcome your gracious reconciliation, and to deprecate your wrath. Take my own countrymen for witnesses of the services I have done for Persia, and make use of this occasion to show the world your virtue, rather than to satisfy your indignation. If you save me, you will save your suppliant; if otherwise, will destroy an enemy of the Greeks." He talked also of divine admonition, such as the vision which he saw at Nicogenes` house, and the direction given him by the oracle of Dodona, where Jupiter commanded him to go to him that had a name like his, by which he understood that he was sent from Jupiter to him, seeing that they both were great, and had the name of kings.
The king heard him attentively, and, though he admired his temper and courage, gave him no answer at that time; but, when he was with his intimate friends, rejoiced in his great good fortune, and esteemed himself very happy in this, and prayed to his god Arimanius, that all his enemies might be ever of the same mind with the Greeks, to abuse and expel the bravest men amongst them. Then he sacrificed to the gods, and presently fell to drinking, and was so well pleased, that in the night, in the middle of his sleep, he cried out for joy three times, "I have Themistocles the Athenian."
The Greeks bought this scam hook, line and sinker! Later the Pesians revised their records to make this scam even more invisible. They first added 30 years to the rule of Darius I, removing 26 years of NB Period years to make up for this. Of course, Xerxes ended up with a 21-year separate rule from Artaxerxes I who at his death decided to claim all 41 of his years of rulership, including his first 21 as Xerxes. Later Artaxerxes II employed Xenophon to revise Greek history to allow for yet another 56 years of expanded Greco-Persian history. This distorted the 1st of Cyrus by 82 years, with Artaxerxes II getting a personal perk in the process by his 17-year rule being extended by 30 years to 47 years, making him the longest ruling Persian king.
But these distortions from the Greek Period revisions ended up disturbing the entire timeline back to Solomon when not corrected. That is, the 82-year discrepancy becomes 56 years at the beginning of the NB Period, which carries to the eclipse event which got attached to 763BCE instead of 709BCE, which then carried forth a 54-year discrepancy back to the time of Solomon and David. It is that discprepancy that archaeologists using pottery dating and RC14 coordinated dating are now seeing a discrepancy over. Not understanding the revisionism of the Greco-Persian Period, they have presumed the Bible historians invented Solomon and David essentially, since their exploits do not match well archaeologically to the earlier period. But that's entirely different when you correct the timeline and date Solmon and David 60 years later than they are normally dated. When that happens, Solomon fits the period where archaeologists have found all these great "monumental" palaces and ashlar block palaces at Megiddo at a level that RC14 dating shows destruction c. 871BCE.
But the bigger problem for Finkelstein is not the conspiracy theories from the Greco-Persian Period but the archaeological dating for when the Exodus occurs. Kathleen Kenyon dates the fall of Jericho by the Israelites between 1350-1325BCE:
Kathleen Kenyon: Digging Up Jericho, Jericho and the Coming of the Israelites, page 262:
"As concerns the date of the destruction of Jericho by the Israelites, all that can be said is that the latest Bronze Age occupation should, in my view, be dated to the third quarter of the fourteenth century B.C. This is a date which suits neither the school of scholars which would date the entry of the Israelites into Palestine to c. 1400 B.C. nor the school which prefers a date of c. 1260 B.C."
Page 261 of her book, "Digging Up Jericho," in the Chapter called "Jericho And Coming Of The Israelites," she says:
"It is a sad fact that of the town walls of the Late Bronze Age, within which period the attack by the Israelites must fall by any dating, not a trace remains."
If Jericho falls between 1350-1325BCE, then the earliest date possible for the Exodus 40 years earlier would be 1390BCE. That means the earlist possible year for Solomon's 4th year is 910BCE with his 1st year falling in 914BCE. Solomon's first year is currently dated to 970BCE. This represents a 56-year discrepancy. However, obviously the later-dated Solomon works out for where Finkelstein establishes when the palaces were built which is in the early 9th century BCE (900-875BCE). The Bible agrees with the dating for the fall of Jericho, however, when the Exodus is dated to 1386BCE based upon the 455BCE chronology. This dates the fall of Jericho in 1346BCE which falls within the dates given by Kenyon. So you see, archaeology and the Bible are actually in sync, not at odds!
It is only when this alternative indication for dating David and Solomon is ignored by archaeologists and the preference of using the Assyrian Period fixed dating based upon the 763BCE eclipse that you fall into historical problems with Solomon and David. But it's not the Bible's fault, it's the fault of secular history being manipulated that David and Solomon are appearing at an earlier time that doesn't fit the archaeology.
Further, with so much evidence including RC14 dating that Shishak's invasion occurred c. 871BCE, the Assyrian timeline should have been challenged or questioned. Instead it preempts everything, believing it to be too well established likely, since it is based on the NB Period, also considered to be well established. Thus Finkelstein cops out totally and comes up with a non-Shishak scenario long after the RC14 dating for the destruction of the palace level at Megiddo c. 835 BCE. So Finkelstein at this point has ZERO CREDIBILITY as a historian, though his archaeological dating and comparisons are quite good and quite consistent with the Bible.
Correct the timeline, you correct the controversy.
In the meantime, any references that maintain a separate 21-year rule for Xerxes and does not combine the rule of Artaxerxes I and Xerxes at this point are just incompetent historians and nothing they base their chronology on is relevant. Those references are now completely OUT OF DATE. It's just a matter of time before the new research sinks in and they are forced to recognize the evidence of the original timeline. In the meantime, though, Biblicalists don't have to wait for the anti-Biblical academic world since they can make their own comparisons of dates and events based upon the 1st of Cyrus falling in 455BCE. Finkelstein's claims about a mythological Solomon and David are thus irrelevant if he is not willing to use the strict Biblical timeline for these kings. So he's "harmless" ultimately, taking far too many right turns to get to his conclusions.
JC