Posts by EdenOne

55

SHUNNING - Unchristian Psychological Torture

by EdenOne in

some time ago, i wrote an extensive article on shunning and published it on my website.

since that website had views on doctrinal matters that no longer reflect my current stand, i took the website down.

however, my views on this matter are still current, and for the benefit of everyone here, i'm going to post the article here.

EdenOne

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Part 5 - Authority to discipline through suspension of fellowship

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Disfellowship is defined as “excommunicate” or “exclude someone from fellowship”, and “exclusion from fellowship, especially as a form of discipline in some Protestant and Mormon Churches.”

Dissociate is defined as “to declare that one is not connected with or a supporter of (someone or something)”.

In the terminology of the Jehovah’s Witnesses, both terms refer to ending affiliation with the congregation of the Jehovah’s Witnesses; the first as a result of disciplinary action by the congregation, the latter as a result of initiative from the individual. Because they both result in the shunning of the individual by the members of the congregation, we shall now only encompass both situations by the single term ‘disfellowship’.

A key question that needs to be addressed is: Does the church have the right to excommunicate one of its members?

The Catholic Encyclopedia argues that since the ecclesia is a society, a spiritual society at that, one of its consequences is that it has “the right to exclude and deprive of their rights and social advantages its unworthy or grievously culpable members, either temporarily or permanently. This right is necessary to every society in order that it may be well administered and survive”. The members of any society, governed by legitimate authority, are in pursuit of common goals using suitable means. Members of said society who by their obstinate disobedience, reject the means of attaining this common end deserve to be removed from such a society.

It’s clear, from the Scriptures quoted above, that both Jesus and the apostles validated this notion. One may question the arrangement by which the legitimacy of authority is established, the process to determine guilt or innocence, or the treatment dispensed to those who are excommunicated, but the validity of ending fellowship with a member of the Christian community on grounds of irreconcilable non-conformity is entirely legitimate from a Scriptural point of view.

Jehovah excommunicated Satan from his heavenly circle (Revelation 12:7, 8); He banished Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden, and also their son Cain after he murdered Abel. (Genesis 3:23, 24; 4:8-15); He rejected Saul and removed him from his office as King of Israel - 1 Samuel 15:26.

Jesus Christ said he would reject and eject unsuitable individuals from his church. In Revelation, he told to his disciples in Laodicea: “I know your deeds, that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish you were either one or the other! So, because you are lukewarm--neither hot nor cold--I am about to spit you out of my mouth.” (Revelation 3:16) He also promised to take disciplinary action against wrongdoers lurking within the congregations, such as “that woman, Jezebel” and the supporters of the Nicolaitan sect. (Revelation 2:1, 6, 12-23) In several of his parables - the wedding clothes, the talents, the dragnet, the sheep and the he-goats – there are explicit references to individuals who claim to follow the Son of God, but are rejected and ‘cast away’ from his presence. (Matthew 13:49, 50; 22: 12, 13; 25:30, 41) He was very direct in his words:

“Not everyone who says to Me, Lord, Lord!' will enter the kingdom of heaven (…) Many will say to Me on that day, 'Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in Your name, and in Your name cast out demons, and in Your name perform many miracles?' Then I will announce to them, I never knew you! Depart from Me, you lawbreakers!'” – Matthew 7:21-23 - HSCB

The apostles of Jesus Christ followed suit their God and their Master in this regard. The correspondence exchanged between the apostle Paul and the Corinthian congregation specifically mentions one scandalous known case of fornication that was being tolerated by the local Christian congregation, and Paul instructed his fellow brethren:

“In the name of our Lord Jesus, when you are assembled, and I with you in spirit, with the power of our Lord Jesus, you are to deliver this man to Satan for the destruction of the flesh, so that his spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord.” – 1 Corinthians 5:4, 5 - NASB

To ‘deliver this man to Satan’ meant to cast away the unrepentant member away from the congregation, to the world outside the church, the realm of Satan, where he would face dire spiritual needs that might cause him to destroy his fleshy sins – repent – and return to the house of salvation, the Christian congregation. In fact, this was exactly what happened, and, having heard news of this man’s repentance, Paul instructed the Corinthian congregation to reinstate the repented sinner. – 2 Corinthians 2:6-8

In similar terms, Paul also instructed Timothy to cast away from the congregation in Ephesus two rebellious members, Hymenaeus and Alexander:

“Cling to your faith in Christ, and keep your conscience clear. For some people have deliberately violated their consciences; as a result, their faith has been shipwrecked. Hymenaeus and Alexander are two examples. I threw them out and handed them over to Satan so they might learn not to blaspheme God.” – 1 Timothy 1:19, 20 - NLT

In his letter to the Hebrews, the apostle Paul likened God to an earthly father who corrects his children by discipline. He wrote:

“the Lord disciplines the one he loves, and chastises every son whom he receives (…) God disciplines us for our good, in order that we may share in his holiness.” - Hebrews 12:6-10 – HSCB

In the same passage of his letter to the Hebrews, Paul quotes from Proverbs 3:11, 12, and exhorts his brethren:

“My son, don't make light of the LORD's discipline, and don't give up when he corrects you.” - Hebrews 12:5 - HSCB

The Christian shouldn’t complaint about God’s discipline, as if any discipline coming from God is unwarranted, unfair, or too hard to bear. It’s true that being the subject of a disciplinary action is a trialing time for anyone, as Paul admitted:

“No discipline seems enjoyable at the time, but painful. Later on, however, it yields the fruit of peace and righteousness to those who have been trained by it. – Hebrews 12:11 – HSCB

However hard to bear, God assures us that no discipline will be dispensed that is too hard to endure for his children. We are remembered:

“No trial has overtaken you that is not faced by others. And God is faithful: He will not let you be tried beyond what you are able to bear, but with the trial will also provide a way out so that you may be able to endure it.”- 1 Corinthians 10:13 – NB

When God cursed and banished Cain after murdering his brother, he complained: “My punishment is too great for me to bear! Today you are driving me from the land, and I will be hidden from your presence; I will be a restless wanderer on the earth, and whoever finds me will kill me!" God then made provisions that Cain’s life would be spared and he could have a place to live, land to cultivate, and he could get married and raise a family. His punishment was mitigated so that it wasn’t “too great to bear”. - Genesis 4:11-17

Therefore, given the above, it seems unquestionable that the modern Christian church has the right to cease fellowship with members that unrepentantly do not conform to the Christian norms, and individual Christians shouldn’t be weary that such disciplinary actions are implemented within the congregation.

Eden

55

SHUNNING - Unchristian Psychological Torture

by EdenOne in

some time ago, i wrote an extensive article on shunning and published it on my website.

since that website had views on doctrinal matters that no longer reflect my current stand, i took the website down.

however, my views on this matter are still current, and for the benefit of everyone here, i'm going to post the article here.

EdenOne

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Part 4 - Doctrinal development and scriptural support

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What is the biblical support invoked by the Jehovah’s Witnesses for such policy towards disfellowshipped and dissociated individuals? How has this practice evolved over the years?

Before we inspect those Scriptures, one must keep in mind that the terms disfellowshipping and dissociation aren’t “scriptural” – meaning, that they don’t appear in the Bible, anywhere.

In 1882, Charles Taze Russell, the first President of the Watchtower Society wrote:

“We are not of those who disfellowship Christian brethren on account of some differences of opinion; but when it comes to the point of denying the very foundation of all christianity we must speak out and withstand all such to the face, for they become the enemies of the cross of Christ.” – The Watchtower, 1882, December, p. 423.

In his work Studies in the Scriptures, Vol. VI, Russell conceded that disciplinary actions, such as termination of fellowship, were a matter for the entire church, not just for a restrict committee of Elders; even then, it was only meant for those who rejected Christ’s ransom, and no shunning was involved:

“The administration of discipline is not the function of the elders only, but of the entire Church. Thus it is evident that the Elders were in no sense to be judges of the members-hearing and judgment were left to the local body, or Church. Indeed, even if the transgressor refuses to hear (obey) the decision of the entire Church, no punishment is to be inflicted or even attempted. What then? Merely the Church is to withdraw from him its fellowship and any and all signs or manifestations of brotherhood. Thenceforth the offender is to be treated "as a heathen man and a publican." Matt. 18:17" Studies in the Scriptures Vol. VI - The New Creation (1904) pp. 289, 290

In the book What Pastor Russel Said, published in 1916, the following is credited to the first president of the Watchtower Society:

“The Lord's word does not authorize any court of the Elders, or anyone else, to become busybodies. This would be going back to the practices of the Dark Ages during the inquisition; and we would be showing the same spirit as did the inquisitors.”

In 1920, the Watchtower Society, now under the leadership of J.F. Rutherford, advocated:

“We would not refuse to treat one as a brother because he did not believe the Society is the Lord's channel. If others see it in a different way, that is their privilege. There should be full liberty of conscience”- The Watchtower, 1920, April 1, p.100-101.

Thus it can be said that in the first decades since 1879, the practice of terminating one’s fellowship with the Christian congregations under the auspices of the Watchtower Society as a disciplinary action was at best a truly rare event, justified by exceptional wrongdoing, such as causing a schism whitin the movement.

However, the policy started to change after WWII. In May of 1944, an article in The Watchtower transferred the responsibility of disciplinary action from the entire congregation into judicial committees. A broader number of offenses, mostly involving sexual misconduct and apostasy, became subject to judicial action. The leadership of the Jehovah’s Witnesses became increasingly interested in setting clear guidelines for disfellowshipping, treating the subjects of disfellowshipping in no uncertain terms:

“ (…) the reason for disfellowshipping is that some persons get into this congregation of God that do not love Christ. Those who are acquainted with the situation in the congregation should never say Hello or Goodbye to him. He is not welcome in our midst, we avoid him. Such an individual has no place in the clean organization or congregation of God. He should go back to the wicked group that he once came from and die with that wicked group with Satan’s organization.” - The Watchtower 1952 March 1 p.131,134 - emphasis added by me

Reviewing the evolution of the implementation of the disfelowshipping policy, The Watchtower conceded that special emphasis was put on this disciplinary action since early 1950’s:

“this extreme measure of excommunication or disfellowshiping was not widely practiced among the congregations and was not made a requirement on congregations until 1952. No longer could Christian conduct be viewed simply as a matter affecting only the individual or individuals involved." - The Watchtower 1967 October 1, p.596

By 1957, association with a disfellowshipped person became itself a reason to be disfellowshipped:

“If a publisher refuses to do this and ignores the prohibition on associating with the disfellowshipped one, that publisher is rebelling against the congregation of Jehovah, and rebellion is as the sin of witchcraft, and stubbornness is as idolatry and teraphim. If after sufficient warning the publisher persists in associating with the disfellowshipped person instead of aligning himself with Jehovah's organization he also should be disfellowshipped.” - The Watchtower, 1955 Oct 1 p.607

As stated before, the terms “disfellowshipping” and “dissociation” can’t be found in the Bible. So, where does the concept of “termination of fellowship” come from?

The Jehovah’s Witnesses justify their policy of disfellowshipping, or excommunication, mainly on the following Scriptures:

Matthew 18:15-18 "If your brother sins against you, go and rebuke him in private. If he listens to you, you have won your brother. But if he won't listen, take one or two more with you, so that by the testimony of two or three witnesses every fact may be established. If he pays no attention to them, tell the church. But if he doesn't pay attention even to the church, let him be like an unbeliever and a tax collector to you.” - HCSB

1 Corinthians 5:11-13 “But actually, I wrote to you not to associate with any so-called brother if he is an immoral person, or covetous, or an idolater, or a reviler, or a drunkard, or a swindler-- not even to eat with such a one. For what have I to do with judging outsiders? Do you not judge those who are within the church? But those who are outside, God judges. REMOVE THE WICKED MAN FROM AMONG YOURSELVES.” - NASB

2 Thessalonians 3:6, 14 “ And now, dear brothers and sisters, we give you this command in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ: Stay away from all believers who live idle lives and don't follow the tradition they received from us (…) Take note of those who refuse to obey what we say in this letter. Stay away from them so they will be ashamed.” – NLT

Titus 3:10 – “Warn a divisive person once, and then warn them a second time. After that, have nothing to do with them.” - NIV

1 Timothy 1:19, 20 “Cling to your faith in Christ, and keep your conscience clear. For some people have deliberately violated their consciences; as a result, their faith has been shipwrecked. Hymenaeus and Alexander are two examples. I threw them out and handed them over to Satan so they might learn not to blaspheme God.” - NLT

2 John 9-11 “Anyone who does not remain in Christ's teaching but goes beyond it, does not have God. The one who remains in that teaching, this one has both the Father and the Son. If anyone comes to you and does not bring this teaching, do not receive him into your home, and don't say, "Welcome," to him; for the one who says, "Welcome," to him shares in his evil works.” - HCSB

Romans 16:17 - And now I make one more appeal, my dear brothers and sisters. Watch out for people who cause divisions and upset people's faith by teaching things contrary to what you have been taught. Stay away from them.” - NLT

We shall examine first the action of disfellowshipping, and then we’ll examine the action of shunning, because they can and should be disentangled.

Eden

55

SHUNNING - Unchristian Psychological Torture

by EdenOne in

some time ago, i wrote an extensive article on shunning and published it on my website.

since that website had views on doctrinal matters that no longer reflect my current stand, i took the website down.

however, my views on this matter are still current, and for the benefit of everyone here, i'm going to post the article here.

EdenOne

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Part 3 - Shunning among Jehovah's Witnesses

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One must start by saying that shunning isn’t an exclusive tenet of the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ beliefs.

Within the most orthodox Jewish communities, Cherem is the most rigorous form of ecclesiastical censure and signifies a ban for an indefinite period, during which no one was permitted to associate with, nor teach the offender, nor work for him, nor benefit him in any way, except when he was in need of the bare necessities of life.

Until 1983, the Catholic Church’s Code of Canon Law had a provision for a most severe form of excommunication, known as vitandi. The Catholic Encyclopedia defines this sanction as a decree demanding that “the faithful must have no intercourse with them [the shunned ones] either in regard to sacred things or, to a certain extent, profane matters”.

Among the Amish, shunning is also practiced. It is often termed Meidung, the German word for “avoidance”. The stated intention is not to punish, but to be used in love to win the member back by showing them their error. In the case of these very closed communities, shunning has a most devastating effect on the shunned individual, since previously he had virtually no social contact with others beyond his denominational community, thus leaving the shunned individual in a state of almost complete social isolation.

The Church of Scientology has also its own form of shunning, termed disconnection. This involves members in good standing to quit all communication with Suppressive Persons, or dissenters considered antagonistic towards Church doctrine and policy. Failure to cut ties with a disconnected person is in itself considered a Suppressive Act.

Other churches practice milder forms of excommunication, but this article will focus of the particular case of the Jehovah’s Witnesses.

Among Jehovah’s Witnesses there are several forms of congregational discipline. These may be divided between judicial and non-judicial actions.

On the non-judicial group, these actions may include “Local Needs”, where a local elder addresses the congregation in the Service Meeting with a local matter deemed by the Body of Elders as being worthy of attention; “Shepherding Calls”, where two elders encourage or give counsel in private to a member of the congregation regarding a perceived flaw or fault or other spiritually endangering situation; sometimes special assignments or recommendations are withheld from an individual based on perceived spiritual weaknesses of the individual; sometimes existing assignments or positions of responsibility are removed; “privileges of service” may be limited or withdrawn entirely; “marking” involves avoiding close social interaction with someone who repeatedly insists on wrongful behavior despite counseling from elders.

Serious sins will involve the elders of the congregation taking judicial action towards the member of the congregation known to be, or accused to be, or suspected to be guilty of a serious transgression. Only baptized Witnesses are subject to judicial procedures. These judicial procedures may result in formal reproof or disfellowshipping. Evidence of actions leading to judicial procedure may come from voluntary confession to the elders or from witnesses to the said action. A judicial committee of three elders is formed when evidence of serious transgression is deemed credible, and this committee will investigate the allegations. A judicial hearing is arranged, where the judicial committee takes on the role of prosecutor, judge and jury. After the charges are presented, and the source of the accusation is disclosed, the accused is given the opportunity to make an opening statement. If no admission of guilt is offered, witnesses will be heard, one at a time. Once all witnesses are heard, the committee dismisses the accused and the witnesses, and reviews the evidence presented and the attitude of the accused, as well as possible mitigating circumstances.

The judicial committee may decide that there’s not sufficient evidence to proceed with a disciplinary action; or that the sin involved isn’t serious enough to require a disciplinary action; or, in case of proof of serious sin, that mitigating circumstances and/or an attitude of repentance were verified, in which case verbal admonishment and formal reproof may ensue; or, if no evidence of sufficient repentance is verified, the disciplinary action taken by the judicial committee may be a decision of disfellowshipping the individual.

A person may appeal in writing from the disfellowshipping decision if he believes that a serious judgment error was made; if no appeal is made, or if the appeal is rejected, or if a second judicial committee upholds the original decision, a short announcement is made to the congregation, stating that “[name of member] is no longer a Jehovah’s Witness.” A similar announcement is made when someone takes the initiative to dissociate from the congregation. In this case the person writes a letter of dissociation, where he states the wish to no longer be acknowledged as a member of the Jehovah’s Witnesses. In practical terms, the result is the same, and there’s no difference made in the announcement made to the congregation. In either case, no explanations are given to the congregation as to the reasons why someone is no longer a Jehovah’s Witness.

In brief, the above describes the procedure of excommunication practiced by the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The stated intention of the disciplinary action in the shape of disfellowshipping is explained in the book Organized To Do Jehovah’s Will, the basic procedure manual for all baptized Jehovah’s Witnesses:

“It is necessary to expel the unrepentant wrongdoer from the congregation, thus denying him fellowship with Jehovah's clean congregation. This is done to remove the bad influence of the wrongdoer from the congregation, thereby safeguarding the moral and spiritual cleanness of the congregation and protecting its good name (…)” (Organized To Do Jehovah’s Will, Ed. 2005, p. 153 – bold added by me)

Therefore, the primary reason for terminating someone’s membership from the congregation is to the benefit of the congregation, not to the benefit of the individual who is disfellowshipped. The spiritual interests of the disfellowshipped individual come second, although they are also apparently taken into account:

“The strong discipline shows love for the wrongdoer. It may be just the jolt he needs to come to his senses and take the steps necessary to return to Jehovah.” – Keep Yourself In God’s Love, Ed. 2008, p. 35.

Thus, disfellowshipping is regarded as a measure of discipline, a form of “tough love” from Jehovah’s organization, which may help the wrongdoer to come to its senses and return to the congregation.

Once the announcement is made that someone is “no longer a Jehovah’s Witness”, the relationship of the congregation towards the disfellowshipped or dissociated individual changes radically. How does the Watchtower Society instruct its members to treat disfellowshipped or dissociated individuals?

In the official website of the Jehovah’s Witnesses, www.jw.org, in a section of Frequently Asked Questions, the visitor may encounter the following question: Do you shun former members of your religion? The first paragraph answers:

“Those who were baptized as Jehovah’s Witnesses but no longer preach to others, perhaps even drifting away from association with fellow believers, are not shunned. In fact, we reach out to them and try to rekindle their spiritual interest.” – November 6th, 2013

This part of the answer seems to indicate that those who “were baptized … but no longer preach … drifting away from association with fellow believers” are considered among the “former members”, although no publication of the Jehovah’s Witnesses is clear about such statement. These are Jehovah’s Witnesses that, due to several circumstances became inactive and faded out from the congregation, not being subject to any disciplinary action by the local body of Elders. True, these inactive individuals are still considered fellow Jehovah’s Witnesses and, despite perhaps some lukewarm treatment by others active in the congregation, they continue to enjoy fellowship with their brethren Witnesses. But the Watchtower Society is clear enough about how those who were subject to disfellowshipping are to be treated:

“If, however, a baptized Witness makes a practice of breaking the Bible’s moral code and does not repent, he or she will be shunned or disfellowshipped.”

An article in the Watchtower magazine stated the following:

“The expelled person is not a mere man of the world who has not known God nor pursued a godly way of life. Rather, he has known the way of truth and righteousness, but he has left that way and unrepentantly pursued sin to the point of having to be expelled. So he is to be treated differently (…)the Bible commands Christians not to keep company or fellowship with a person who has been expelled from the congregation. Thus "disfellowshiping" is what Jehovah's Witnesses appropriately call the expelling and subsequent shunning of such an unrepentant wrongdoer. Their refusal to fellowship with an expelled person on any spiritual or social level reflects loyalty to God's standards and obedience to his command”. – The Watchtower, 1981, Sept. 15, p. 20-26; “Disfellowshipping – How to view it.”

Quoting the above article from the Watchtower, the book Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All The Flock (A book on congregational policies only available to active Elders, Ed. 1991, p. 103) instructed:

“Disfellowshipped and disassociated ones are shunned by those who wish to have a good relationship with Jehovah.” – added bold by me.

It’s interesting to note that in the article of 1981, the Watchtower acknowledges the difference between “expelling” and “shunning” as two separate stages of the procedure of disfellowshipping, as does the Pay Attention … book; whereas in the jw.org website (as of November 6th, 2013) the Watchtower Society simply equates shunning with disfellowshipping. This will be brought to notice further on this article.

How strict is the order to shun the disfellowshipped or dissociated individual? Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that even a simple polite greeting may be enough to be classified as “sharing in that person’s sins”, as the following passage of the said Watchtower article reads:

“As distinct from some personal "enemy" or worldly man in authority who opposed Christians, a disfellowshiped or disassociated person who is trying to promote or justify his apostate thinking or is continuing in his ungodly conduct is certainly not one to whom to wish "Peace." (1 Tim. 2:1, 2) And we all know from our experience over the years that a simple "Hello" to someone can be the first step that develops into a conversation and maybe even a friendship. Would we want to take that first step with a disfellowshiped person? … All faithful Christians need to take to heart the serious truth that God inspired John to write: "He that says a greeting to [an expelled sinner who is promoting an erroneous teaching or carrying on ungodly conduct] is a sharer in his wicked works.”

Failing to keep strict avoidance of contact with the disfellowshipped person may bring the member in good standing to be under scrutiny from the congregation Elders. The 2010 edition of the book Pay Attention to Yourselves and All the Flock states:

“If members of the congregation are known to have undue association with disfellowshipped or disassociated relatives who are not in the household, elders should counsel and reason with those members of the congregation from the Scriptures. ... If it is clear that a Christian is violating the spirit of the disfellowshipping decree in this regard and does not respond to counsel, it may be that he would not qualify for congregation privileges, which require one to be exemplary. He would not be dealt with judicially unless there is persistent spiritual association or he openly criticizes the disfellowshipping decision.” - pp.114-116

Elders in each congregation are instructed to keep a stern watch so that members of the congregation keep strict avoidance of the disfellowshipped / dissociated individual. A member of the congregation may lose privileges or even get himself disfellowshipped if openly and repeatedly challenges the shunning policy. This is perceived as a real possibility by the Jehovah’s Witnesses, who are thus psychologically coersed into accepting and sharing in the practice of shunning disfellowshipped and dissociated former members whom they considered to be part of their spiritual family up until then.

Eden

55

SHUNNING - Unchristian Psychological Torture

by EdenOne in

some time ago, i wrote an extensive article on shunning and published it on my website.

since that website had views on doctrinal matters that no longer reflect my current stand, i took the website down.

however, my views on this matter are still current, and for the benefit of everyone here, i'm going to post the article here.

EdenOne

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Part 2 - Ostracism, social rejection and psychological torture

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Ostracism is, therefore, in its modern sense, a blanket term to accommodate several forms of social rejection. These may be classified as active or passive. Active forms of social rejection may include teasing, bullying or ridiculing. Passive forms of social rejection include ignoring a person, denial of communication, social isolation. Shunning is a deliberate form of passive social rejection perpetrated by a group or an individual upon an individual or a group of individuals as a form of sanction, expressed through extensive denial of association and communication with the target(s) of such disciplinary measure. When a tight group perceives one of its members as a dissident, or otherwise a threat, it reacts by more or less formally rejecting association with said member, and that action spreads to the entire community as a form of solidarity. The purpose is to socially isolate the dissenting member from the rest of the community.

Researcher Kipling D. Williams noted, in his work The Pain of Exclusion (2011):

“Psychologists Roy Baumeister of Florida State University and Mark Leary of Duke University have argued in a 1995 article that belonging to a group is a need - not a desire or preference - and, when thwarted, leads to psychological and physical illness. Ostracism uniquely threatens all these needs … Social rejection also deals a uniquely harsh blow to self-esteem, because it implies wrongdoing. Worse, the imposed silence forces us to ruminate, generating self-deprecating thoughts in our search for an explanation. The forced isolation also makes us feel helpless… Ostracism makes our very existence feel less meaningful because this type of rejection makes us feel invisible and unimportant. In fact, the emotional fallout is so poignant that the brain registers it as physical pain.”

Almerindo E. Ojeda, from the Center for the Study of Human Rights in the Americas University of California at Davis, in his essay What is Psychological Torture? (2006) postulated that social isolation must be understood as a form of psychological torture.

The United Nations’ Convention Against Torture (1987), defines ‘torture’ as:

“any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by, or at the instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity”.

It becomes common sense, then, that shunning, as a deliberated act of social isolation perpetrated by a group upon a dissenting member as means of punishment decreed by a person acting in an official capacity within that group, designed to inflict mental suffering, is indeed a form of psychological torture.

The goals ascribed to the practice of shunning may include:

a) The attempt to modify the behavior of the shunned individual;

b) Removing or limiting the influence of said member or formal member from the group;

c) To act as a deterrent to dissention from the group, either by imparting the fear of exclusion directly onto on the individual, or motivating group members to apply peer pressure upon the individual to discourage dissenting behavior.

d) To isolate a member of the group or the entire group from social or intellectual interaction with external influences deemed threatening to the group.

The practice of shunning is known to have devastating effects on the shunned individual’s life, as shunning usually is applied regardless of any existing relationship ties, such as family, friends, professional and recreational ties, etc. In the most extreme cases, shunning may result in breaking families apart, destroying marriages and separating children and their parents. It has also a detrimental effect on the shunned member’s closest familial, spousal, social, emotional and economic bonds. Therefore, the effect of shunning extends far beyond the mere punishment of the shunned individual through psychological suffering, but such psychological suffering pervades as well the lives of those who deliberately cut ties with the shunned member, thus causing the perpetrators of shunning to become its victims also. The depth of such traumatic emotional bruises accomplished by means of this relational aggression cannot be overstated.

For the above reasons, extreme forms of shunning have become at odds with civil rights.

Eden

55

SHUNNING - Unchristian Psychological Torture

by EdenOne in

some time ago, i wrote an extensive article on shunning and published it on my website.

since that website had views on doctrinal matters that no longer reflect my current stand, i took the website down.

however, my views on this matter are still current, and for the benefit of everyone here, i'm going to post the article here.

EdenOne

Some time ago, I wrote an extensive article on shunning and published it on my website. Since that website had views on doctrinal matters that no longer reflect my current stand, I took the website down. However, my views on this matter are still current, and for the benefit of everyone here, I'm going to post the article here. It's called "SHUNNING - UNCHRISTIAN PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE" and it's divided into 10 chapters.

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PART 1 - OSTRACISM IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

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On the 5th century BC, the Athenians instituted a form of social rejection called ostracism. Once every year, the people of Athens could elect one person to be expelled from the affairs of the polis. During the assembly at the Agora, the people were asked whether they wished to hold an ostracism, or not. If the answer was “yes”, they would be asked who should be ostracized. The names that gathered enough “support” would be nominated by the presiding officers to become subject to popular vote within two months time.

On this occasion, each voter would be given an ostrakon [a piece of broken pottery; this is where the term ostracize derives from] where each voter would scratch the name of the individual he wished to be ostracized. Then, the presiding officers would sort the votes in separate piles. According to Plutarch and Philocorus, a minimum quorum of 6.000 votes was necessary to validate an ostracism. If the vote was validated, the nominated individual had ten days to leave the city, and it should remain exiled for a period of ten years. Death penalty impended upon those who attempted to return before the ten-year ban. The ostracized individual wouldn’t lose his citizen status, nor his assets were confiscated. This practice appears to have been abandoned by the Athenians after the 4th century BC. Other Greek cities, such as Syracuse, Miletos, Argos and Megara appear to have adopted similar practices.

This was unlike a proper judicial court process, in the sense that there wasn’t an express accusation nor a prosecutor, no inquiry, no witnesses, no trial, no defense; it was understood as a pragmatic way to resolve political and social tensions in a preemptive, rather than punitive fashion, as ten years would normally suffice to deflate whatever issues that had prompted the expulsion. It is theorized that this procedure was instituted as an outlet to allow the populace to vent their public reproach upon individuals they perceived as tyrants, traitors, arrogants, misbehaved or in any other way a threat to public stability, without resorting to mob violence, lynching murder or even civil war.

The underlying aspect of absolute social rejection and exclusion imparted by the original practice of ostracism became the modern synonym of the term. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines ostracism as “exclusion by general consent from common privileges or social acceptance”. The Collins dictionary defines it as “to exclude or banish (a person) from a particular group, society, etc”.

Eden

9

Burn, baby, burn...!

by EdenOne in

i had to clear space in my shelves for new books that keep arriving.

so... out with the "old light"!

we got rid of all spares and duplicates and only kept one of each for the sake of memorabilia.

EdenOne

You are burning the evidence!

Only evidence that we were deluded! Anyway, you forget that for the time being I'm keeping one of each. All those were spares / duplicates ;)

Eden

9

Burn, baby, burn...!

by EdenOne in

i had to clear space in my shelves for new books that keep arriving.

so... out with the "old light"!

we got rid of all spares and duplicates and only kept one of each for the sake of memorabilia.

EdenOne

You now, when I was growing up, I was afraid to discard even worn out literature, thinking God would punish me for being disrespectful to his 'spiritual food'. I thought bad things might happen to me. Naturally, I grew out of that mind frame. But still up until not long ago, I would dispose of old literature in a respectful way, reasoning that maybe someone might find it, read it and find 'the truth'. Now I think the world is better off preventing this garbage to ever being read again by anybody.

Eden

5