Eom, I'm sorry to drop the conversation last night, but I went to bed. I haven't figured out the quote function, but I will answer the 3 parts of your response one at a time.
Part 1: There is no evidence for the first scenario, but lots of evidence for the second, namely, that blacks who go through school and are equally qualified suffer more unemployment.
Part 2: Pistoff has provided a great academic paper on the subject and I noticed that all of the references are hyperlinked. Happy studying.
Part 3: I'm not sure I understand your response. My post was about punishment and your response was about crimes committed. I will restate it, though. If blacks compose less than 20% of the population, then there should be a similar ratio in prisons, but there's not. Blacks and whites commit crimes at about the same rate, but blacks are punished more harshly.
The phrase "all other things being equal" means that after controlling for other factors there is still a discrepancy. A well designed study can rule these things out and then come to conclusions based on only relevant data.
Any academic study uses statistics to prove its thesis, so, sparrowdown, it's about statistics as well as stereotyping.