Are Blood Tranfusions as dangerous and risky and the WTS claim?

by Fisherman 40 Replies latest watchtower medical

  • Gerard
    Gerard
    [...] blood is encouraged for the simple reason that a whole industry depends on the use of the product for its existence.

    I seldom come across such piece of ignorant and paranoid thinking. You copied some physiological facts, but you can not connect the dots together.

    G

  • Fisherman
    Fisherman

    My friend a jw had a premature baby. Doctors forced a blood tranfusison. Within hours the babay died.

    I am glad that I have the personal freedom to choose whether I want quarts or gallons of someone elses body fluid transfused into my body. I do not feel that a child can make that choice. Children should not be sacrificed to God by their parents respecting blood. I feel that if it is a matter of life and death, it is better to risk a blood transfusion thant to die . I would rather die though than to get infected with aids or ravaging hepatitis. Personally, I have been persuaded to believe that blood medicine does not necessarily violate Bible principles, however, I also believe that 55 gallon blood medicine is too risky and only in life and death situations does the benefits outweigh the risks.

    My little girl had open heart surgery when she was 3 years old. She received blood. Thank God she is alive and healthy today. My cousin was born with the rh-factor and had all his blood replaced shorlty after his birth. He is alive and well today. Thank God. I do not think that allowing a child to die refusing blood and hoping for the resurecection is sound thinking. My heart goes out to families that regret choices based on emotion and indoctrination and now are bitter.

  • Gill
    Gill

    Though I totally agree with Forscher's post on the dangers of blood transfusion, there are times when ONLY blood will do. The alternative is certain death.

    Risks aside, everything we do in life is a gamble, and nothing is certain. Blood is to be avoided if possible but some times it MUST be given to give the seriously ill a fighting chance!

    A policeman was stabbed in the jugular in the UK a few days ago. He's still alive because he was given blood. A JW would have allowed him to die. A caring Health service saved his life!

    Says it all really. A family still have a good father and a wife, a good husband.

  • DannyHaszard
    DannyHaszard

    http://www.jehovahs-witness.com/16/107053/1.ashx pointblank: Commentary and opinion by Chris Stevenson www.voiceoffreedom.com

    Drowning in Hemoglobin: Can New blood Article narrow gap between religious doctrine and doctors. "We've had long and distasteful contact with many cults-Christian, Hindu, Jewish, and others. They hold wildly different beliefs, but all seem to share several common characteristics... 1-Love bombing, bombard him/her with love 2-Separation from family, get target to sever connection to their families... target must be made to believe family is evil 3-Brainwashing, loss of critical thinking 4-Exploitation." The God Squad-Monsignor Tom Hartman & Rabbi Marc Gellman In this era of purging religion and references to God and prayer from the classrooms, government buildings, and even that most famous holiday, Christmas, questions are now surfacing as to just how far some faiths have gone in order to establish and maintain control over their followers. Many churches have enjoyed a judicial free pass over the decades due to the First Amendment Clause: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Well, in hindsight, perhaps Congress should have made a law, but it errantly viewed the church to be under the control of someone higher than man, and in so doing, allowed religion to be essentially controlled by select groups of men. The world in general has too much potential to be hindered by religion, how much more-so a civilized society? In spite of such seeming governmental immunity, ways have been found to take some churches to task through the very courts these churches no-doubt prayed they'd avoid. Through the misuse of they're own guidelines, you can actually grab confident, smirking, church leaders by the proverbial collar, and nail them to the cross examination. A new article may-in the long run-result in a good day for God, and a bad day for fundamentalist religions, especially one religion in particular with a 60-year-hold on it's members due in part to it's well-known principle on blood transfusions. The essay; "Jehovah's Witnesses, Blood Transfusions, and the Tort of Misrepresentation, (JW/BT)," by Kerry Louderback-Wood is featured in the latest edition of the Journal of Church and State (vol.47-no. 4), a 1,000 page quarterly magazine published in paperback textbook format out of Baylor University. If indeed blood is thicker than water, then the JWs are the jealous waters endlessly hoping to seep into all aspects of human life as much as possible, watering down relationships people commonly enjoy primarily between family members, individuals and doctors. They're the driver going 55 while on the fast lane that refuses to move to the right lane, they insist you go slow also. The "American Heritage Dictionary" defines tort as: "Any wrongful act that does not involve a breach of contract and for which a civil suit can be brought." In other words, personal injury due to misrepresentation. JW/BT invokes another legal breakdown on torts called "Prosser and Keeton on Torts," Their take on this in part is: "(1)ambiguous statements [that are] made with the intent that the listener reach a false conclusion (2) literally true statements that create a false impression (3) words or acts which create a false impression covering up the truth; or (4) nondisclosure when 'the parties stand in some confidential or fiduciary relation to each other such as... old friends,... where special trust and confidence is reposed (brackets mine).'" Louderback-Wood cites examples where "freedom of religion" itself was breached by government in a case where the Supreme Court upheld a law against polygamy because it was seen as a threat to the traditional family unit (Reynold's v. US). JW/BT concludes by citing another religious/judicial hot potato, and drawing comparison to the government's duty to represent what is in the best interest of the American citizen if it is proven the religion they belong to isn't willing to do so: "...courts historically have been unwilling to meddle in religious affairs, and rightly so because the state should not dictate religious matters. But that tide is turning with the recent church sex scandals. Should a court allow victims (children and adults whose lives are at stake) to sue their religion when it has misrepresented either (1) its own policies or (2) secular writers to bolster its doctrinal position?" Louderback-Wood makes no attempt to prove whether or not said religion is true, or should be shut down, nor is she a blood advocate. What she does, is track the array of JW articles on the blood rule by their timeline, and finds some stunning intellectual misappropriations, small enough to go unnoticed over time if you are a practicing JW, yet significant enough to cost lives. Having grown up in a Witness family, and seeing her mother encounter the blood issue twice over, her interest on the subject motivated her to stop attending the JW meetings when she grew up, and pursue higher education (another no-no in that church, although fortunately-unlike the blood restriction-they are unable to make it an official rule outside the realm of power of suggestion. But that's a subject for another essay) at Georgia State University, and Florida State . The administrative arm of the Jehovah's Witnesses (JWs) is its Watchtower Bible and Tract Society located in Brooklyn New York . They base their whole blood or whole blood cell transfusion prohibition on three scriptures, Genesis 9: 3-6, Leviticus 17: 13, 14 and Acts 15: 22-29. Of course several Bible passages have been fair game for various religions to enforce their chosen abstinence, even though many a given verse or verses had more relevance during the period it was written, or it was a small part under a completely different set of laws. The article cites the JW pamphlet "How Can Blood Save Your Life?"a strange title for a people who don't want blood to save your life. The seeming misrepresentation doesn't stop there, Louderback-Wood sees unnecessary attempts by the Watchtower to give the blood restriction credibility through the quotes of several authorities on blood that could prove costly to them and their followers. The quotes are crucial as the Watchtower advertises these doctored statements as "medical evidence" to prospective converts. Thus ancient biblical historians, scientists, and doctors such as Joseph Priestley, Eusebius, Tertullian, and Dr. John S. Spratt, had statements used in the pamphlet or their flagship magazine The Watchtower that were taken out of context, spinning isolated quotes as if they were advocates of the Watchtower's cause, exaggerating the medical risks of taking blood, and risk of contracting diseases such as AIDS, with the intent of leaving the JWs and their potential members with an immediate fear of dying, in addition to losing out on any hope of being a part of that faith's prime carrot; living forever in a peaceful new world (formerly called the "new order" and "new world order") through excommunication. The JW blood pamphlet quotes Priestley at it's conclusion, from a book he wrote during the 18th century: "if we interpret [the] blood prohibition of the Apostles by the practice of the primitive Christians, who can hardly be supposed not to have rightly understood the nature and extent of it, we cannot but conclude that it was intended to be absolute and perpetual; for blood was not eaten by any Christians for many centuries." To most Witness followers this is enough of a quote to give the impression that Mr. Priestley was against "eating blood" and therefore blood transfusions must fall under his "perpetual" list. After all, if a non-JW like Priestley rejects taking in blood, then it must be wrong. Louderback-Wood however, read further into Priestley's work, and found a striking discrepancy: "Priestley argued elsewhere that Christians could indeed eat blood because nothing that goes into the mouth defiles a man... It is a misrepresentation for the Society to quote Priestley as an adherent to an absolute prohibition, when in fact he was not committed to either eating or not eating blood and did not think the argument was important enough to include in his main text." This end-justifies-the-means approach may surprise some regarding the JWs, what stands to be more surprising is their apparent about-face regarding blood components, fractions and hemoglobin. In the same pamphlet (31 pages) the Watchtower states that Jehovah's Witnesses may accept blood components. Strange but true, for what are blood components such as hemoglobin, but blood itself? Will the Watchtower continue to prohibit adultery, but allow married men to go to strip clubs and get a lap-dance? Well this controversy runs deeper, according to JW/BT: "From 1954 to 1974, the Society banned most blood fractions. In 1958 the Society carved out the first exception, which provided that antibodies (such as tetanus, rabies, and snakebites) derived from blood could be accepted by individual judgment. In 1961 and 1964, the Society carved out another exception, permitting vaccinations and inoculations derived from blood to be accepted by personal judgment... In 1980, the Society began allowing any fractions of plasma,... and in 2000 purportedly began allowing any components of whole blood cells and plasma." Louderback-Wood goes on to state that it was a 1975 (again that dreaded year) mixup that eventually left a few members' blood boiling: "Indeed prior to 1975, followers with hemophilia were permitted to receive one infusion of Factor VIII, as it was considered medicine and not a feeding on blood. On February 1975, however, hemophiliac followers were directed they could no longer receive any clotting factors, including Factor VIII." What few knew, was that on 6/75 the Society reversed their ban on multiple infusions of clotting factors for their hemophiliacs (make up your minds will you), only they didn't publish it in their journals, particularly the Watchtower and Awake, or release it in any outside printed medium as the New York Times. Nope, reportedly the decision was to notify individual hemophiliac members, this became too much of a case load and there was a fear of upsetting the various congregation elders (their equivalent to Pastors etc.), so by and large, the JWs were kept in the dark about the reversal until an article in the 6/15/78 Watchtower. In 1981 avid JW readers of the Journal of the American Medical Association (virtually none) witnessed the official announcement of the change to the world at large. Things could be worse, that organization is more decisive with its hemoglobins than its homo-globins (child molesters). This is just the tip of the iceberg of Louderback-Wood's essay, implications get deeper once you read it. Imagine people suffering because a few religious officials wanted to needlessly add some secular-sauce to their blood edict, only to try to avoid embarrassment by covering up a time sensitive reversal. Followers of the strict faiths-like the JWs, Mormons, Christian Scientists etc.-do a better job defending their sect than their Organizational heads, unfortunately the JWs can't defend the Society in court as official legal representatives. The Watchtower wings it on researching the blood issue, and then hire real lawyers. Stevenson is a columnist for the Buffalo Criterion, his column Pointblank can be read at
  • DannyHaszard
    DannyHaszard

    What i learned, THE REAL DEAL:The RC at that time 2001 did in fact get only $120.00 for a pint of blood,of which at least half of this cost is spent by the RC themselves on rigorous laboratory testing.
    The local director when on to say that "they have been broke for years and live hand to mouth and only 60 days from being evicted from their building for non payment of their rent."
    Jehovah's Witnesses revile the Red Cross

    This is my page that rebuts the watchtower LIE that the RC is in it for the money.

  • DannyHaszard
    DannyHaszard
    http://www.watchtower.org/library/hb/article_00.htm this is the same URL as 2004 and it has been changed? Quality Alternatives to Transfusion
    You might feel, 'Transfusions are hazardous, but are there any high-quality alternatives?' A good question, and note the word "quality." Everyone, including Jehovah's Witnesses, wants effective medical care of high quality. Dr. Grant E. Steffen noted two key elements: "Quality medical care is the capacity of the elements of that care to achieve legitimate medical and nonmedical goals." (The Journal of the American Medical Association, July 1, 1988) "Nonmedical goals" would include not violating the ethics or Bible-based conscience of the patient. — Acts 15:28, 29 .
    "We must conclude that currently there are many patients receiving blood components who have no chance for a benefit from transfusion (the blood is not needed) and yet still have a significant risk of undesired effect. No physician would knowingly expose a patient to a therapy that cannot help but might hurt, but that is exactly what occurs when blood is transfused unnecessarily." —Transfusion-Transmitted Viral Diseases, 1987.
    Are there legitimate and effective ways to manage serious medical problems without using blood? Happily, the answer is yes. Though most surgeons have claimed that they gave blood only when absolutely necessary, after the AIDS epidemic arose their use of blood dropped rapidly. An editorial in Mayo Clinic Proceedings (September 1988) said that "one of the few benefits of the epidemic" was that it "resulted in various strategies on the part of patients and physicians to avoid blood transfusion." A blood-bank official explains: "What has changed is the intensity of the message, the receptivity of clinicians to the message (because of an increased perception of risks), and the demand for consideration of alternatives." —Transfusion Medicine Reviews, October 1989. Note, there are alternatives! This becomes understandable when we review why blood is transfused. The hemoglobin in the red cells carries oxygen needed for good health and life. So if a person has lost a lot of blood, it might seem logical just to replace it. Normally you have about 14 or 15 grams of hemoglobin in every 100 cubic centimeters of blood. (Another measure of the concentration is hematocrit, which is commonly about 45 percent.) The accepted "rule" was to transfuse a patient before surgery if his hemoglobin was below 10 (or 30 percent hematocrit). The Swiss journal Vox Sanguinis (March 1987) reported that "65% of [anesthesiologists] required patients to have a preoperative hemoglobin of 10 gm/dl for elective surgery." But at a 1988 conference on blood transfusion, Professor Howard L. Zauder asked, "How Did We Get a 'Magic Number'?" He stated clearly: "The etiology of the requirement that a patient have 10 grams of hemoglobin (Hgb) prior to receiving an anesthetic is cloaked in tradition, shrouded in obscurity, and unsubstantiated by clinical or experimental evidence." Imagine the many thousands of patients whose transfusions were triggered by an 'obscure, unsubstantiated' requirement! Some might wonder, 'Why is a hemoglobin level of 14 normal if you can get by on much less?' Well, you thus have considerable reserve oxygen-carrying capacity so that you are ready for exercise or heavy work. Studies of anemic patients even reveal that "it is difficult to detect a deficit in work capacity with hemoglobin concentrations as low as 7 g/dl. Others have found evidence of only moderately impaired function." —Contemporary Transfusion Practice, 1987. While adults accommodate a low hemoglobin level, what of children? Dr. James A. Stockman III says: "With few exceptions, infants born prematurely will experience a decline in hemoglobin in the first one to three months . . . The indications for transfusion in the nursery setting are not well defined. Indeed, many infants seem to tolerate remarkably low levels of hemoglobin concentration with no apparent clinical difficulties." —Pediatric Clinics of North America , February 1986.
    "Some authors have stated that hemoglobin values as low as 2 to 2.5 gm./100ml. may be acceptable. . . . A healthy person may tolerate a 50 percent loss of red blood cell mass and be almost entirely asymptomatic if blood loss occurs over a period of time." —Techniques of Blood Transfusion, 1982.
    Such information does not mean that nothing need be done when a person loses a lot of blood in an accident or during surgery. If the loss is rapid and great, a person's blood pressure drops, and he may go into shock. What is primarily needed is that the bleeding be stopped and the volume in his system be restored. That will serve to prevent shock and keep the remaining red cells and other components in circulation. Volume replacement can be accomplished without using whole blood or blood plasma.* Various nonblood fluids are effective volume expanders. The simplest is saline (salt) solution, which is both inexpensive and compatible with our blood. There are also fluids with special properties, such as dextran, Haemaccel, and lactated Ringer's solution. Hetastarch (HES) is a newer volume expander, and "it can be safely recommended for those [burn] patients who object to blood products." (Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, January/February 1989) Such fluids have definite advantages. "Crystalloid solutions [such as normal saline and lactated Ringer's solution], Dextran and HES are relatively nontoxic and inexpensive, readily available, can be stored at room temperature, require no compatibility testing and are free of the risk of transfusion-transmitted disease." —Blood Transfusion Therapy —A Physician's Handbook, 1989. You may ask, though, 'Why do nonblood replacement fluids work well, since I need red cells to get oxygen throughout my body?' As mentioned, you have oxygen-carrying reserves. If you lose blood, marvelous compensatory mechanisms start up. Your heart pumps more blood with each beat. Since the lost blood was replaced with a suitable fluid, the now diluted blood flows more easily, even in the small vessels. As a result of chemical changes, more oxygen is released to the tissues. These adaptations are so effective that if only half of your red cells remain, oxygen delivery may be about 75 percent of normal. A patient at rest uses only 25 percent of the oxygen available in his blood. And most general anesthetics reduce the body's need for oxygen. HOW CAN DOCTORS HELP?
    Skilled physicians can help one who has lost blood and so has fewer red cells. Once volume is restored, doctors can administer oxygen at high concentration. This makes more of it available for the body and has often had remarkable results. British doctors used this with a woman who had lost so much blood that "her haemoglobin fell to 1.8 g/dlitre. She was successfully treated . . . [with] high inspired oxygen concentrations and transfusions of large volumes of gelatin solution [Haemaccel]." (Anaesthesia, January 1987) The report also says that others with acute blood loss have been successfully treated in hyperbaric oxygen chambers.
    The heart-lung machine has been a great help in heart surgery on patients who do not want blood

    Physicians can also help their patients to form more red cells. How? By giving them iron-containing preparations (into muscles or veins), which can aid the body in making red cells three to four times faster than normal. Recently another help has become available. Your kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates bone marrow to form red cells. Now synthetic (recombinant) EPO is available. Doctors may give this to some anemic patients, thus helping them to form replacement red cells very quickly. Even during surgery, skilled and conscientious surgeons and anesthesiologists can help by employing advanced blood-conservation methods. Meticulous operative technique, such as electrocautery to minimize bleeding, cannot be overstressed. Sometimes blood flowing into a wound can be aspirated, filtered, and directed back into circulation.# Patients on a heart-lung machine primed with a nonblood fluid may benefit from the resulting hemodilution, fewer red cells being lost.
    "Older concepts about oxygen transport to tissues, wound healing, and 'nutritional value' of blood are being abandoned. Experience with patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses demonstrates that severe anemia is well tolerated." —The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, March 1989.
    And there are other ways to help. Cooling a patient to lessen his oxygen needs during surgery. Hypotensive anesthesia. Therapy to improve coagulation. Desmopressin (DDAVP) to shorten bleeding time. Laser "scalpels." You will see the list grow as physicians and concerned patients seek to avoid blood transfusions. We hope that you never lose a great amount of blood. But if you did, it is very likely that skilled doctors could manage your care without using blood transfusions, which have so many risks. SURGERY, YES —BUT WITHOUT TRANSFUSIONS
    Many people today will not accept blood. For health reasons, they are requesting what Witnesses seek primarily on religious grounds: quality medical care employing alternative nonblood management. As we have noted, major surgery is still possible. If you have any lingering doubts, some other evidence from medical literature may dispel them.
    Little children too? "Forty-eight pediatric open heart surgical procedures were performed with bloodless techniques regardless of surgical complexity." The children were as small as 10.3 pounds (4.7 kg). "Because of consistent success in Jehovah's Witnesses and the fact that blood transfusion carries a risk of serious complications, we are currently performing most of our pediatric cardiac operations without transfusion." —Circulation, September 1984.
    The article "Quadruple Major Joint Replacement in Member of Jehovah's Witnesses" (Orthopaedic Review, August 1986) told of an anemic patient with "advanced destruction in both knees and hips." Iron dextran was employed before and after the staged surgery, which was successful. The British Journal of Anaesthesia (1982) reported on a 52-year-old Witness with a hemoglobin level under 10. With the use of hypotensive anesthesia to minimize blood loss, she had a total hip and shoulder replacement. A surgical team at the University of Arkansas (U.S.A.) also used this method in a hundred hip replacements on Witnesses, and all the patients recovered. The professor heading the department comments: "What we have learned from those (Witness) patients, we now apply to all our patients that we do total hips on." The conscience of some Witnesses permits them to accept organ transplants if done without blood. A report of 13 kidney transplants concluded: "The overall results suggest that renal transplantation can be safely and efficaciously applied to most Jehovah's Witnesses." (Transplantation, June 1988) Likewise, refusal of blood has not stood in the way even of successful heart transplants. 'What about bloodless surgery of other types?' you may wonder. Medical Hotline (April/May 1983) told of surgery on "Jehovah's Witnesses who underwent major gynecological and obstetric operations [at Wayne State University , U.S.A.] without blood transfusions." The newsletter reported: "There were no more deaths and complications than in women who had undergone similar operations with blood transfusions." The newsletter then commented: "The results of this study may warrant a fresh look at the use of blood for all women undergoing obstetric and gynecological operations." At the hospital of Göttingen University (Germany), 30 patients who declined blood underwent general surgery. "No complications arose that could not also have arisen with patients who accept blood transfusions. . . . That recourse to a transfusion is not possible should not be overrated, and thus should not lead to refraining from an operation that is necessary and surgically justifiable." —Risiko in der Chirurgie, 1987. Even brain surgery without using blood has been done on numerous adults and children, for instance, at New York University Medical Center. In 1989 Dr. Joseph Ransohoff, head of neurosurgery, wrote: "It is very clear that in most instances avoidance of blood products can be achieved with minimal risk in patients who have religious tenets against the use of these products, particularly if surgery can be carried out expeditiously and with a relatively short operative period. Of considerable interest is the fact that I often forget that the patient is a Witness until at the time of discharge when they thank me for having respected their religious beliefs." Finally, can intricate heart and vascular surgery without blood be performed on adults and children? Dr. Denton A. Cooley was a pioneer in doing just that. As you can see in the medical article reprinted in the Appendix, on pages 27-9, based on an earlier analysis, Dr. Cooley's conclusion was "that the risk of surgery in patients of the Jehovah's Witness group has not been substantially higher than for others." Now, after performing 1,106 of these operations, he writes: "In every instance my agreement or contract with the patient is maintained," that is, to use no blood. Surgeons have observed that good attitude is another factor with Jehovah's Witnesses. "The attitude of these patients has been exemplary," wrote Dr. Cooley in October 1989. "They do not have the fear of complications or even death that most patients have. They have a deep and abiding faith in their belief and in their God." This does not mean that they assert a right to die. They actively pursue quality care because they want to get well. They are convinced that obeying God's law on blood is wise, which view has a positive influence in nonblood surgery. Professor Dr. V. Schlosser, of the surgical hospital at the University of Freiburg (Germany), noted: "Among this group of patients, the incidence of bleeding during the perioperative period was not higher; the complications were, if anything, fewer. The special view of illness, typical of Jehovah's Witnesses, had a positive influence in the perioperative process." —Herz Kreislauf, August 1987.
    * Witnesses do not accept transfusions of whole blood, red cells, white cells, platelets, or blood plasma. As to minor fractions, such as immune globulin, see The Watchtower of [June 15, 2000, pages 29-31]. #The Watchtower of [October 15, 2000], pages 30-1, considers Bible principles that bear on methods of blood salvage and on blood-circulating (extracorporeal) equipment.
    Published in 1990
    Copyright © 2004 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . All rights reserved.
    How Can Blood Save Your Life?
    You Have the Right to Choose
    A current medical approach (called risk/benefit analysis) is making it easier for doctors and patients to cooperate in avoiding blood therapy. Doctors weigh factors such as the risks of a certain drug or surgery and the probable benefits. Patients too can share in such an analysis. Let us use one example that people in many places can relate to—chronic tonsillitis. If you had this problem, likely you would go to a doctor. In fact, you might consult two, since health experts often recommend getting a second opinion. One might recommend surgery. He outlines what that means: length of hospital stay, amount of pain, and cost. As to risks, he says that severe bleeding is not common and death from such an operation is very rare. But the doctor giving a second opinion urges you to try antibiotic therapy. He explains the type of drug, likelihood of success, and expense. As to risk, he says that very few patients have life-threatening reactions to the drug.
    RELIEVING LEGAL CONCERNS You may wonder, 'Why are some doctors and hospitals quick to get a court order to give blood?' In some places a common reason is fear of liability. There is no basis for such concern when Jehovah's Witnesses choose nonblood management. A doctor at Albert Einstein College of Medicine (U.S.A.) writes: "Most [Witnesses] readily sign the American Medical Association form relieving physicians and hospitals of liability, and many carry a Medical Alert [card]. A properly signed and dated 'Refusal to Accept Blood Products' form is a contractual agreement and is legally binding."—Anesthesiology News, October 1989. Yes, Jehovah's Witnesses cooperatively offer legal assurance that a physician or hospital will not incur liability in providing requested nonblood therapy. As recommended by medical experts, each Witness carries a Medical Document card. This is renewed annually and is signed by the person and by witnesses, often his next of kin. In March 1990, the Supreme Court of Ontario, Canada , upheld a decision that commented approvingly on such a document: "The card is a written declaration of a valid position which the card carrier may legitimately take in imposing a written restriction on [the] contract with the doctor." In Medicinsk Etik (1985), Professor Daniel Andersen wrote: "If there is an unambiguous written statement from the patient saying that he is one of Jehovah's Witnesses and does not want blood under any circumstances, respect for the patient's autonomy requires that this wish be respected, just as if it had been expressed orally." Witnesses will also sign hospital consent forms. One used at a hospital in Freiburg, Germany , has space where the physician can describe the information he gave the patient about the treatment. Then, above the signatures of the physician and the patient, this form adds: "As a member of the religious body of Jehovah's Witnesses, I categorically refuse the use of foreign blood or blood components during my surgery. I am aware that the planned and needed procedure thus has a higher risk due to bleeding complications. After receiving thorough explanation particularly about that, I request that the needed surgery be performed without using foreign blood or blood components."—Herz Kreislauf, August 1987. Actually, nonblood management may have a lower risk. But the point here is that Witness patients happily relieve any needless concerns so that medical personnel can move forward in doing what they are committed to do, helping people get well. This cooperation benefits all, as Dr. Angelos A. Kambouris showed in "Major Abdominal Operations on Jehovah's Witnesses": "Preoperative agreement should be viewed as binding by the surgeon and should be adhered to regardless of events developing during and after operation. [This] orients the patients positively toward their surgical treatment, and diverts the surgeon's attention from the legal and philosophical considerations to the surgical and technical ones, thus, allowing him to perform optimally and serve his patient's best interests."—The American Surgeon, June 1987.
    Each competent physician likely considered risks and benefits, but now you have to weigh the risks and possible benefits, as well as other factors that you best know. (You are in the best position to consider such aspects as your emotional or spiritual strength, family finances, effect on the family, and your own ethics.) Then you make a choice. Possibly you give informed consent for one therapy but decline the other. This would also be so if it was your child that had the chronic tonsillitis. The risks, benefits, and therapies would be outlined for you, the loving parents who are most directly affected and who will be responsible to cope with the results. After considering all aspects, you can make an informed choice on this matter involving your child's health and even his or her life. Perhaps you consent to the surgery, with its risks. Other parents might choose the antibiotics, with their risks. As physicians differ in their advice, so patients or parents differ as to what they feel is best. Such is an understood feature of making informed (risk/benefit) choices.
    "Overuse of medical technology is a major factor in the increase of current health care expenditures. . . . Blood transfusion is of particular importance because of its cost and high risk potential. Accordingly, blood transfusion was classified by the American Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals as 'high volume, high risk and error prone.'"—Transfusion, July-August 1989.
    What about use of blood? No one who objectively examines the facts can deny that blood transfusions involve great risk. Dr. Charles Huggins, who is the director of transfusion service at the large Massachusetts General Hospital, made this very clear: "Blood has never been safer. But it must be considered unavoidably non-safe. It is the most dangerous substance we use in medicine."—The Boston Globe Magazine, February 4, 1990. With good reason, medical personnel have been advised: "It is necessary to reevaluate as well the risk part of the benefit/risk relationship for blood transfusion and to seek alternatives." (Italics ours.)—Perioperative Red Cell Transfusion, National Institutes of Health conference, June 27-29, 1988. Physicians may disagree as to the benefits or risks in using blood. One may give many transfusions and be convinced that they are worth the risk. Another may feel the risks are unjustified, for he has had good results with nonblood management. Ultimately, however, you, the patient or the parent, must decide. Why you? Because your (or your child's) body, life, ethics, and profoundly important relationship with God are involved. YOUR RIGHT IS RECOGNIZED
    In many places today, the patient has an inviolable right to decide what treatment he will accept. "The law of informed consent has been based on two premises: first, that a patient has the right to receive sufficient information to make an informed choice about the treatment recommended; and second, that the patient may choose to accept or to decline the physician's recommendation. . . . Unless patients are viewed as having the right to say no, as well as yes, and even yes with conditions, much of the rationale for informed consent evaporates."—Informed Consent—Legal Theory and Clinical Practice, 1987.*
    United States : "Underlying the necessity for patient consent is the ethical concept of individual autonomy, that decisions about one's own fate should be made by the person involved. The legal ground for requiring consent is that a medical act performed without the patient's consent constitutes battery."—Informed Consent for Blood Transfusion, 1989. Germany : "The patient's right of self-determination overrides the principle of rendering assistance and preservation of life. As a result: no blood transfusion against the will of the patient."—Herz Kreislauf, August 1987. Japan : "There is no 'absolute' in the medical world. Doctors believe that the course of modern medicine is the best and follow its course, but they should not force every detail of it as an 'absolute' on patients. Patients too must have freedom of choice."—Minami Nihon Shimbun, June 28, 1985.
    Some patients have encountered resistance when they have tried to exercise their right. It might have been from a friend having strong feelings about a tonsillectomy or about antibiotics. Or a physician might have been convinced of the rightness of his advice. A hospital official might even have disagreed, based on legal or financial interests. "Many orthopaedists elect not to operate on [Witness] patients," says Dr. Carl L. Nelson. "It is our belief that the patient has the right to refuse any type of medical therapy. If it is technically possible to provide surgery safely while excluding a particular treatment, such as transfusion, then it should exist as an option."—The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, March 1986. A considerate patient will not pressure a physician to use a therapy at which the doctor is unskilled. As Dr. Nelson noted, though, many dedicated physicians can accommodate the patient's beliefs. A German official advised: "The doctor cannot refuse to render aid . . . reasoning that with a Jehovah's Witness not all medical alternatives are at his disposal. He still has a duty to render assistance even when the avenues open to him are reduced." (Der Frauenarzt, May-June 1983) Similarly, hospitals exist not merely to make money but to serve all people without discrimination. Catholic theologian Richard J. Devine states: "Although the hospital must make every other medical effort to preserve the patient's life and health, it must ensure that medical care does not violate [his] conscience. Moreover, it must avoid all forms of coercion, from cajoling the patient to obtaining a court order to force a blood transfusion."—Health Progress, June 1989. RATHER THAN THE COURTS
    Many people agree that a court is no place for personal medical issues. How would you feel if you chose antibiotic therapy but someone went to court to force a tonsillectomy on you? A doctor may want to provide what he thinks is the best care, but he has no duty to seek legal justification to trample on your basic rights. And since the Bible puts abstaining from blood on the same moral level as avoiding fornication, to force blood on a Christian would be the equivalent of forcible sex—rape.— Acts 15:28, 29 . Yet, Informed Consent for Blood Transfusion (1989) reports that some courts are so distressed when a patient is willing to accept a certain risk because of his religious rights "that they make up some legal exceptions—legal fictions, if you will—to allow a transfusion to occur." They might try to excuse it by saying that a pregnancy is involved or that there are children to be supported. "Those are legal fictions," the book says. "Competent adults are entitled to refuse treatment." Some who insist on transfusing blood ignore the fact that Witnesses do not decline all therapies. They reject just one therapy, which even experts say is fraught with danger. Usually a medical problem can be managed in a variety of ways. One has this risk, another that risk. Can a court or a doctor paternalistically know which risk is "in your best interests"? You are the one to judge that. Jehovah's Witnesses are firm that they do not want someone else to decide for them; it is their personal responsibility before God. If a court forced an abhorrent treatment on you, how might this affect your conscience and the vital element of your will to live? Dr. Konrad Drebinger wrote: "It would certainly be a misguided form of medical ambition that would lead one to force a patient to accept a given therapy, overruling his conscience, so as to treat him physically but dealing his psyche a mortal blow."—Der Praktische Arzt, July 1978. LOVING CARE FOR CHILDREN
    Court cases regarding blood mainly involve children. On occasion, when loving parents have respectfully asked that nonblood management be used, some medical personnel have sought court backing to give blood. Of course, Christians agree with laws or court action to prevent child abuse or neglect. Perhaps you have read of cases in which some parent brutalized a child or denied it all medical care. How tragic! Clearly, the State can and should step in to protect a neglected child. Still, it is easy to see how very different it is when a caring parent requests high-quality nonblood medical therapy.
    "I have found the families [of Jehovah's Witnesses] to be close knit and loving," reports Dr. Lawrence S. Frankel. "The children are educated, caring, and respectful. . . . There even appears to possibly be stronger compliance to medical dictates, which might represent an effort to demonstrate acceptance of medical intervention to the extent that their beliefs permit."—Department of Pediatrics, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, U.S.A., 1985.
    These court cases usually focus on a child in a hospital. How did the youngster get there, and why? Almost always the concerned parents brought their child to get quality care. Even as Jesus was interested in children, Christian parents care for their children. The Bible speaks of 'a nursing mother cherishing her own children.' Jehovah's Witnesses have such deep love for their children.— 1 Thessalonians 2:7 ; Matthew 7:11 ; 19:13-15 . Naturally, all parents make decisions affecting their children's safety and life: Will the family use gas or oil to heat the home? Will they take a child on a long-distance drive? May he go swimming? Such matters involve risks, even life-and-death ones. But society recognizes parental discretion, so parents are granted the major voice in nearly all decisions affecting their children. In 1979 the U.S. Supreme Court stated clearly: "The law's concept of the family rests on a presumption that parents possess what a child lacks in maturity, experience, and capacity for judgment required for making life's difficult decisions. . . . Simply because the decision of a parent [on a medical matter] involves risks does not automatically transfer the power to make that decision from the parents to some agency or officer of the state."—Parham v. J.R.
    "I fear it is not uncommon," comments Dr. James L. Fletcher, Jr., "for professional arrogance to supplant sound medical judgment. Treatments that are regarded as 'the best today' are modified or discarded tomorrow. Which is more dangerous, a 'religious parent' or an arrogant physician who is convinced that his or her treatment is absolutely vital?"—Pediatrics, October 1988.
    That same year the New York Court of Appeals ruled: "The most significant factor in determining whether a child is being deprived of adequate medical care . . . is whether the parents have provided an acceptable course of medical treatment for their child in light of all the surrounding circumstances. This inquiry cannot be posed in terms of whether the parent has made a 'right' or a 'wrong' decision, for the present state of the practice of medicine, despite its vast advances, very seldom permits such definitive conclusions. Nor can a court assume the role of a surrogate parent."—In re Hofbauer. Recall the example of parents choosing between surgery and antibiotics. Each therapy would have its own risks. Loving parents are responsible to weigh risks, benefits, and other factors and then to make a choice. In this connection, Dr. Jon Samuels (Anesthesiology News, October 1989) suggested a review of Guides to the Judge in Medical Orders Affecting Children, which took this position: "Medical knowledge is not sufficiently advanced to enable a physician to predict with reasonable certainty that his patient will live or die . . . If there is a choice of procedures—if, for example, the doctor recommends a procedure which has an 80 per cent chance of success but which the parents disapprove, and the parents have no objection to a procedure which has only a 40 per cent chance of success—the doctor must take the medically riskier but parentally unobjectionable course." In view of the many lethal hazards in medical use of blood that have surfaced and because there are effective alternative ways of management, might not avoiding blood even carry the lower risk? Naturally, Christians weigh many factors if their child needs surgery. Every operation, with or without the use of blood, has risks. What surgeon gives guarantees? The parents may know that skilled physicians have had fine success with bloodless surgery on Witness children. So even if a physician or a hospital official has another preference, rather than cause a stressful and time-consuming legal battle, is it not reasonable for them to work with the loving parents? Or parents may transfer their child to another hospital where the staff is experienced in handling such cases and willing to do so. In fact, nonblood management will more likely be quality care, for it can help the family "to achieve legitimate medical and nonmedical goals," as we noted earlier.
    * See the medical article "Blood: Whose Choice and Whose Conscience?" reprinted in the Appendix.
    Published in 1990
    Copyright © 2004 Watch Tower
  • rebel8
    rebel8
    Does anyone seriously think that the Red Cross, much less anybody else, tests for all those diseases, many of which are potentially fatal?

    Yes, I do. For one thing, they are so severely regulated that I cannot imagine the many checks and double checks could be skipped.

    Secondly, over the last 2 years, I have had lifesaving infusions of clotting factor comprised of blood cells from literally millions of people (~3 million donors per unit).*

    ------------------------>>>>>>>> Can you explain how I am still HIV negative if donor screening is not being done?

    Thirdly, the Red Cross in the US is a nonprofit organization so no one should continue claiming they are out to make a profit. The fact is, they are not.

    *By the way, I do prefer having taken clotting factor as opposed to being dead. If I had a choice other than death or disability, I would have not taken it.

  • Fisherman
    Fisherman

    I still have the wts mentality on blood. It is deeply rooted and ingrained. I cannot reason it away.

  • jgnat
    jgnat

    My grandmother (not a JW) died of a fast-moving bone cancer. She died after about a year. She refused radiation treatment because of the cancer risk, and blood transfusions because she feared AIDS.

    HELLOOOO she was DYING of cancer. HIV or radiation were the LEAST of her worries. But, as with most terminal patients, the doctors followed her wishes. It was her life, and it was her death.

    Her choices were just not reasonable or logical. I'd like to move people past their phobias, because some phobias can literally kill.

  • rebel8
    rebel8

    Fisherman, FWIW here are my thoughts on wishing away the jw mentality on blood.

    An important distinction: Beliefs can indeed be reasoned away. It is feelings that are harder to shake off with logic alone.

    So then we are left with feelings, which translates to fear and in some, a phobia. Been there, done that, breathed into the paper bag.

    Experiencing a strong feeling is nothing to fear in itself. I had a full-blown phobia of taking clotting factor. It was hard, I was very embarassed to be crying hysterically in the treatment center, but I just kept telling myself it is just a feeling----feelings aren't facts. I am a fairly calm person and know my treatment staff on a personal level, so they were shocked to see me so upset and kept calling to see if I was ok. I suspect they thought I was going to have a breakdown or something.

    Once you face a phobia, its power diminishes. I am still extremely hesitant to take clotting factor but not likely to decompensate into a weeping crazy person the next time I have to.

    The best treatment for phobias/anxieties is cognitive behavioral therapy, which in part requires the person to challenge the logic behind their anxiety-provoking thoughts. Once you stop the illogical thinking, you are left with handling the learned anxiety response to whatever you're afraid of, and the way to overcome that is to just do it.

    IMO the reason many xjws never get past this fully is because they don't have the opportunity to face their phobia head on (i.e., take a blood transfusion). And thankfully so!

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