What do you think about the Muratorian Canon?

by Awakened at Gilead 19 Replies latest watchtower bible

  • Awakened at Gilead
    Awakened at Gilead

    In doing research on this subject, I noticed that the Society uses this fragment as a basis for the canon of the NT.

    ***

    sipp.302-303pars.18-19StudyNumber4—TheBibleandItsCanon***

    The

    EvidenceofEarlyCatalogs. A glance at the accompanying chart reveals that a number of fourth-century catalogs of the Christian Scriptures, dated prior to the above-mentioned council, agree exactly with our present canon, and some others omit only Revelation. Before the end of the second century, there is universal acceptance of the four Gospels, Acts, and 12 of the apostle Paul’s letters. Only a few of the smaller writings were doubted in certain areas. Likely this was so because such writings were limited in their initial circulation for one reason or another and thus took longer to become accepted as canonical.

    19

    One of the most interesting early catalogs is the fragment discovered by L. A. Muratori in the Ambrosian Library, Milan, Italy, and published by him in 1740. Though the beginning is missing, its reference to Luke as the third Gospel indicates that it first mentioned Matthew and Mark. The Muratorian Fragment, which is in Latin, dates to the latter part of the second century C.E. It is a most interesting document, as the following partial translation shows: "The third book of the Gospel is that according to Luke. Luke, the well-known physician, wrote it in his own name . . . The fourth book of the Gospel is that of John, one of the disciples. . . . And so to the faith of believers there is no discord, even although different selections are given from the facts in the individual books of the Gospels, because in all [of them] under the one guiding Spirit all the things relative to his nativity, passion, resurrection, conversation with his disciples, and his twofold advent, the first in the humiliation arising from contempt, which took place, and the second in the glory of kingly power, which is yet to come, have been declared. What marvel is it, then, if John adduces so consistently in his epistles these several things, saying in person: ‘what we have seen with our eyes, and heard with our ears, and our hands have handled, those things we have written.’ For thus he professes to be not only an eyewitness but also a hearer and narrator of all the wonderful things of the Lord, in their order. Moreover, the acts of all the apostles are written in one book. Luke [so] comprised them for the most excellent Theophilus . . . Now the epistles of Paul, what they are, whence or for what reason they were sent, they themselves make clear to him who will understand. First of all he wrote at length to the Corinthians to prohibit the schism of heresy, then to the Galatians [against] circumcision, and to the Romans on the order of the Scriptures, intimating also that Christ is the chief matter in them—each of which it is necessary for us to discuss, seeing that the blessed Apostle Paul himself, following the example of his predecessor John, writes to no more than seven churches by name in the following order: to the Corinthians (first), to the Ephesians (second), to the Philippians (third), to the Colossians (fourth), to the Galatians (fifth), to the Thessalonians (sixth), to the Romans (seventh). But though he writes twice for the sake of correction to the Corinthians and the Thessalonians, that there is one church diffused throughout the whole earth is shown [?i.e., by this sevenfold writing]; and John also in the Apocalypse, though he writes to seven churches, yet speaks to all. But [he wrote] out of affection and love one to Philemon, and one to Titus, and two to Timothy; [and these] are held sacred in the honorable esteem of the Church. . . . Further, an epistle of Jude and two bearing the name of John are counted . . . We receive the apocalypses of John and Peter only, which [latter] some of us do not wish to be read in church."—TheNewSchaff-HerzogEncyclopediaofReligiousKnowledge, 1956, Vol. VIII, page 56

    As I read through this, I was struck by the number of "..." that frequently characterize the WTS writings.

    First of all, in paragraph 18 the book states that it wasn't the RCC that chose the canon. A look at the Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia would indicate otherwise. It states on p. 54 (after stating that the Muratorian fragment mentions the Bishop of Rome):

    "The earlier date assigned by some, about 170 or 180, is improbable, if only the writer speaks as a member of the Catholic Church which has definitely cast out not merely the parties of Valentinus, Basilides, and Marcion, but Montanism as well...

    "For the present, then, all that can be said is that a member of the Roman church, or of some Catholic community not far from Rome, wrote in Greek about 200-210 a sysnopsis of the writings recognized as belonging to the New Testament in his part of the church. "

    Wow. Besides seeing the boldfaced lie that the WTS says that the Church had nothing to do with the canon, the very source that they quote to support their views shows that they are lying. Additionally, the part that I ellipsized "..." above contained further details as to the debates going on as to which books were canonical and which were being rejected at the time... some 170 years after the supposed death of Christ. Feel free to read the source at: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc08/Page_54.html

    Was holy spirit involved in this decision? The encyclopedia concludes:

    "When, how, and by whom the canon as he received it was established the author does not say, nor does he display any historical knowledge of the process and the grounds on which the decision was made."

    The fragment also mentions books that we no longer consider canonical:

    "Wisdom written by the friends of Solomon in his honor"

    "Apocalypse of Peter"

    "The Shepaherd of Hermas"

    The fragment itself is translated here: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc08/Page_56.html

    Interestingly, the words "catholic chuch" appear IN THE FRAGMENT ITSELF! Look it up!

    Note the WTS use of ellipse to conceal this fact:

    "And these are held sacred in the honorable esteem of the Church [WTS inserts "..." here] catholic in the regulation of ecclesiastical discipline. There are adduced also (one) to the Laodiceans, another to the Alexandrians, forged in the name of Paul for (i.e against) the heresy of Marcion, and many others which cannot be received into the Church catholic, for it is not fitting that gall be mixed with honey. [here the WTS resumes] Further an epistle of Jude and two bearing the name of John are counted [again, the WTS introduces it's famous "..."] among the Catholic [epistles] and Wisdom, writen by the friends of Salomon in his honor... [WTS resumes] We recieve the apocalypses..."

    Wow... the WTS censored all mention of the Catholic church, and claims that the RCC had nothing to do with the selecting of the Bible canon. Yet the RCC is mentioned at least 3 times in the fragment.

    If I were a Christian, this would make me want to do further research on the origins of the book that I call holy. Since I am not a Christian, reading the full text of the fragment helps me to see that holy spirit had nothing to do with the selection of the New Testament at all.

  • oompa
    oompa

    not much apparently lance...hahaha........oompa

    however i do find this interesting, and was just talking yesterday as to why JW's decided to use the Protestant Bile version instead of others....

    hey and i reallyt like that backpack pic of yours....you look good with that beard

  • choosing life
    choosing life

    After reading some of the apocryphal books, I realized that the selection of the canon of the Bible was partly to back up the beliefs of the Catholic Church and partly a crapshoot.

  • Leolaia
    Leolaia

    Notice also that there were two epistles ascribed to John, not three. These are probably the two epistles written by "the elder" (i.e. 2 and 3 John), which are distinguished as a group from 1 John (which was earlier quoted as what the author of the Fourth Gospel wrote). This reflects the early view found in Papias that John the elder was an entirely different person than the apostle.

    Also Hebrews is omitted. It is well-known that Pauline authorship of this anonymous letter was denied for a long time in the church at Rome, likely the original recipient of the letter.

    The reference to Wisdom as "written by friends of Solomon in his honor" is a very nice example of how pseudonymity (insofar as this work implicitly takes over Solomon as a persona) was accepted as a literary device in Christian circles.

    The Society better be glad that the Apocalypse of Peter did not make it into the canon -- it includes a very detailed description of the tortures of hell. Not quite "eternal" torture however since the author hints that the punishment is not forever but that this cannot be openly admitted because otherwise people would sin without worry.

    It is worth keeping in mind that there is not one single Bible canon; we instead have a multiplicity of canons, such as the canon of the Catholic church, the Greek Orthodox canon, the Ethiopian Orthodox canon, the Nestorian canon, the Armenian canon, the Russian Orthodox canon, the standard Protestant canon, the Anglican canon, etc. While the "Catholic" canon was being developed through consensus between the churches that formed a sort of "orthodox coalition", the churches that were excluded on account of their different doctrinal stances developed their own canons as well. And it is worth keeping in mind that the equation of scripture = inspired = canonical, while prevalent in modern Protestantism, is not representative of the views of Christians in the first several centuries -- there were many scriptures that were not recognized as canonical but which were still esteemed as inspired. You can even find 2 Esdras in the Bible of the Anglican church, or 1 Enoch in the Bible of the Ethiopic Orthodox Church, or the general epistles excluded from the Bible of the Nestorian church.

    However it is also worthy to note that there were different canons of the OT itself in Judaism, if we could use such a term for a categorization that was much looser and open than what was later found in Christianity (which was defined especially by the controversies of "heresy" as Christianity spread and developed). The Essenes had a very large range of books that were accepted by them as inspired scripture (e.g. 1 Enoch, Jubilees, Testament of Levi, etc.) which the Pharisees did not recognize at all. The nascent Jewish-Christian community in Judea probably drew more from Essenism than Pharisaism in the early stages, such that writers of the NT had quite a different concept of canon than what we have today (which owes especially to Jerome's acceptance of the post-Pharisee canon of the rabbis). This is why books like 1 Enoch are quoted in the NT as genuine "prophecy" (a term that directly implies inspiration), and which were quoted by the apostolic fathers and early apologists as "scripture" (Tertullian even quoted 2 Timothy 3:16 in support of 1 Enoch as holy writ), and which are still included in the canon in the Ethiopian Church. The general acceptance of the current canon of the OT was a development later than the writing of the NT itself.

  • LockedChaos
    LockedChaos

    Interesting

    Adding to my ever growing
    list of things to research

  • Awakened at Gilead
    Awakened at Gilead

    Thanks Leo, I was wondering when you were going to pop in on this thread...

    So there's 2 points I'm trying to make here:

    1. The WTS, as usual, cherry picks quotes, to further its agenda. It denies that the RCC had anything to do with the selection of the canon, and then uses the Muratorian, which is ostensibly a Catholic source. This is a good piece of info you can use, as Locked Chaos says. All you need to do is print out the Muratorian Fragment and compare it to what the WTS says about it in the All Scripture book, and the contradictions are glaring.

    2. If the Muratorian fragment is Catholic-oriented, then if you believe in Christ, your view of Christ is skewed by the books that the Catholic Church decided would be included in their list of holy books. Other books that did not agree with traditional Catholic views of the time were discarded. If you are Christian, how does this knowledge affect you? What do you think are the inplications? Do you agree with the WTS that Holy Spirit, and not the RCC, guided the development of the Christian canon that you use? And looking at Leo's post, how do you view the various canons and NT apocryphal books that are accepted by some church systems today?

  • Leolaia
    Leolaia

    Well, you might be interested in this factually erroneous characterization recently published by the Society:

    *** w06 2/15 p. 15 Early Confirmation of the Bible Canon ***

    It is significant that the Fragment mentions an Apocalypse of Peter but states that some felt that it should not be read by Christians. The writer warns that counterfeit writings were already circulating in his day. The Muratorian Fragment explains that these should not be accepted, "for it is not fitting that gall be mixed with honey." The document also mentions other texts that were not to be included among the holy writings. That was either because they were written after the apostolic period, as was the Shepherd of Hermas, or because they were written to support heresies.

    This remark outright claims that the Fragment calls for the rejection of the Apocalypse of Peter (should not be accepted = should be rejected), characterizing its presence in scripture as "gall mixed with honey", and implying that the rejection was motivated by a desire to avoid heresy. If you look at what the Fragment actually says, you can see that the Society here is confusing books reckoned among the antilegomena (disputed books) with those of the notha (spurious books):

    "There is current also [an epistle] to (64) the Laodiceans, [and] another to the Alexandrians, [both] forged in Paul's (65) name to [further] the heresy of Marcion, [6b] and several others (66) which cannot be received into the catholic Church (67)— for it is not fitting that gall be mixed with honey. (68) Moreover, the epistle of Jude and two of the above-mentioned (or, bearing the name of) John are counted (or, used) in the catholic [Church]; [7] and [the book of] Wisdom, (70) written by the friends [7a] of Solomon in his honour. (71) We receive only the apocalypses of John and Peter, (72) [7b] though some of us are not willing that the latter be read in church. (73) But Hermas wrote the Shepherd (74) very recently, [7c] in our times, in the city of Rome, (75) while bishop Pius, his brother, was occupying the [episcopal] chair (76) of the church of the city of Rome. [7d] (77) And therefore it ought indeed to be read; but (78) it cannot be read publicly to the people in church either among (79) the Prophets, whose number is complete, [8] or among (80) the Apostles, for it is after [their] time. But we accept nothing whatever of Arsinous or Valentinus or Miltiades, (82) who also composed (83) a new book of psalms for Marcion, (84-5) together with Basilides, the Asian founder of the Cataphrygians"

    In no sense is the Fragment classifying the Shepherd of Hermas and the Apocalypse of Peter together with the books the author regards as heretical and spurious. These belong to an intermediate category between the homologoumena and the notha, such that they ought to be read but not publically in church. In fact, by mentioning the fact that only "some of us" are not willing to have the Apocalypse of Peter read in church, the author implies that indeed "some of us" accept it for public reading and thus accord it the same status as Revelation. And it is also clear that Wisdom has the same status as Jude and 2, 3 John for this author.

    We may compare the Muratorian Fragment with the description of the canon by Eusebius, who wrote at a much later time and who reveals that James, Jude, 2 Peter, 2, 3 John were among the antilegomena (whereas some of these were accepted as apostolic in the Muratorian Fragment and others were ignored altogether), while some of the homologoumena and antilegomena in the Muratorian Fragment (namely, Revelation, the Shepherd of Hermas, and the Apocalypse of Peter) has moved on to the notha category at least for some:

    "Among the disputed writings (i.e. antilegomena), which are nevertheless recognized by many, are extant the so-called epistle of James and that of Jude, also the second epistle of Peter, and those that are called the second and third of John, whether they belong to the evangelist or to another person of the same name. Among the rejected writings (i.e. notha) must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul, and the so-called Shepherd, and the Apocalypse of Peter, and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas, and the so-called Teachings of the Apostles; and besides, as I said, the Apocalypse of John, if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject (i.e. place in the notha category), but which others class with the accepted books (i.e. with the homologoumena). And among these some have placed also the Gospel according to the Hebrews, with which those of the Hebrews that have accepted Christ are especially delighted....It is not indeed right to overlook the fact that some have rejected the Epistle to the Hebrews, saying that it is disputed (i.e. placed among the antilegomena) by the church of Rome, on the ground that it was not written by Paul" (Ecclesiastical History 3.3.5, 3.25.3-5)

    Eusebius went on to mention that some heretical books were so beyond the pale that they couldn't even be considered as notha but were to be avoided altogether, such as the Gospel of Peter, the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Matthias, the Acts of Andrew, and the Acts of John.

  • Leolaia
    Leolaia
    Wow... the WTS censored all mention of the Catholic church, and claims that the RCC had nothing to do with the selecting of the Bible canon. Yet the RCC is mentioned at least 3 times in the fragment.

    I think it is also worth noting that the word "catholic" in second-century sources doesn't quite have the meaning it was later to have in Christianity, especially as a label refering to a particular kind of church. It certainly isn't a mention of the RCC per se. It is a term that was at the time gaining a technical sense, "the church catholic" meant something close to "the church universal" in English (compare "the glory universal" in the following line: Into the more exalted region of the mind the soul of the world retires with all her powers to rule there until at dawn breaks the glory universal -- Novalis, "The Hymn to the Night"). It refers to the church in its totality, but it also hints at something more grand -- that the church is everywhere just as Christ is everywhere.

  • johnnyc
    johnnyc

    Lance - this is a subject I am very familiar with. Whereas the phase "Catholic" is translated into, the exact word in Greek simply means "whole" or "complete" (katholikos). The reality is that even translations of these older documents use words in Greek that translate to English subjectively. Bishop is not actually Bishop and could be translated "Deacon"(d?a?????) in, and Priest could be translated "Elder"(p?esß?te???) or Presbyter. The early church started using the term (as translated subjectively) "Catholic" to refer to the whole church acting together. The actual name was "The Way". There is so much info in what you are researching here it is truly ridiculous. I would point you to read the writings of Clement of Rome to start - as he makes references to the cannon used at the time. Call me if you want to discuss further. Added: I guess some of my Greek fonts dont show up (therefore it shows "?"), so if you want that info I will email.

  • IP_SEC
    IP_SEC
    In doing research on this subject,

    Ya, but you are on track. Soon you'll realize what a waste of time it is and research shit that matters. Like "where is the GSpot exactly?" and "can I OD on LSD?"

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