In ancient times, just as today, it was common to use lots to find out what God wanted them to do. This and any other sort of divination is condemned in Deuteronomy. Yet there is a specific exception given in the Torah : the use of the Urim and Thummim (marked stones) by the chief priests (
Numbers 27:21
;
Deut 33:8
). This use is authorized by God for difficult situations. In
I Samuel 14
, lots were used to discover who had acted against King Saul's rash command; Saul was clearly not commanded or authorized to use lots, but he did, with a 'successful' discovery that was almost horrible. The Septuagint translation, which in this case is probably more accurate, makes the use of lots more explicit by referring directly to Saul's use of the Urim and Thummim. In
Esther
, lots were used by the Persians (not the Jews) for determining when to act. Hence the name of the Jewish holiday
Purim
, from Akkadian puru (='lot'). But the Jews were not above using lots to suss out God. In
Joshua
, Israel lost at Ai, and used lots to find out whose evil deeds caused it; the lots were used at God's command (7:14). In
Jonah
, the sailors used lots to (correctly) find out whom God was angry with; God did not command the lots, but used it anyway.