This is not really an example of cognitive bias, which is about making irrational judgement, and more about learning, which is affected by neurons that fire together (or don't. )
Neuroscience, which is the study of brain cells (called neurons) can help us understand how we learn. "Neurons that fire together wire together" is the concept that once we learn a skill, like riding a bike, the neurons wire together and pull that pattern up whenever we attempt to ride a bike again. Hence the belief that you can never forget how to ride a bike.
However, neuroplasticity is the idea that our neurons are flexible. When we first try to ride the backwards bike, our brains call up the bike riding formula. When it doesn't work, it takes awhile, but we can learn the new skill. Our neurons now fire together in this new way and this becomes the new "how to ride a bike" skill set.
"Use it or lose it" is another concept in neurology. Once those neurons start firing in this new pattern, the old pattern becomes increasingly difficult to access. The brain is undergoing "differentiation" in which the old patterns unwire.
The interesting thing, though, was that he was able to access the original pattern (or algorithm as he calls it) after only 20 minutes. It is still there! He had replaced the "how to ride a bike meme" with the "how to ride a backwards bike" meme. Anything that looked like a bike, then, would pull up the new algorithm. The question is whether he could differentiate the 2 algorithms and pull them up at will to represent the bike at hand.
I would like to see this experiment continue and see if his brain could continue to differentiate to the point that both algorithms are there and he could seamlessly switch between the 2 immediately after getting on a bike and noticing whether it was a regular bike or a backward bike. Neuroplasticity says he could do it!
So, the bad news about our brains on "the truth": our brains wire in specific patterns.
The good news: we can learn new patterns which can become just as automatic as the old. It just takes practice.