Theistic Evolution

by cofty 195 Replies latest watchtower beliefs

  • Caedes
    Caedes

    NM69,

    So are you saying that examples of speciation are enough to convince you because earlier you claimed that speciation shown in herring gulls was insufficient evidence? Which is it?

    There is plenty of fossil evidence showing common ancestry for example the early amphibians which clearly show the evolution from fish to the early land dwelling animals.

    I am afraid kind and variety isn't a classification at all and merely confuses the issue, even wikipedia can give you an idea about the correct classifications.

    I did have a lengthier response but then I noticed the following gem...

    "the fossil evidence" Give me a break. If you really want to go there raise this again...

    At which point I realised that discussing science with you is a waste of time.

  • simon17
    simon17

    "It has been tested in a million ways."What ways please identify. Please do not say fruit fly mutation experiments...

    "The theory is shown true when you consider the genetic evidence of living creatures". What evidence points soley to evolution in direct conflict with the biblical creation model... please identify

    "the chemical evidence in living creatures" What evidence points soley to evolution in direct conflict with the biblical creation model... please identify

    Well two things. #1 You have to tell me what your bibilical creation model is becuase depending on how much they realize Genesis is entirely compromised by modern science, they believe random parts of it to be true and others allegorical. #2, this is kind of the point you read a book. There are many books, all filled with evidence. I obviously haven't memorized it all. Based on your answer to #1, I know some and I can easily look up some others. But I'm not going to do as good a job as books devoted to showing this evidence. Also I'm not going to sit her for 100 hours typing out a million lines of evidence for you.

    "the fossil evidence" Give me a break. If you really want to go there raise this again...

    I didn't raise it the first time (I guess?) but I don't know what you have against it? You have great examples of transitional fossils. Just look at the humanoid transitional line, the line of fossils showing fish slowly coming onto land (and many many others that are not as obvious and interesting). Also the fact that fossils fall in evolutionary strata, consistently, without error, across the entire world. Fossils are a very good (but completely unnecessary) source of evolutionary evidence.

    "Suppose you had a pharmaceutical drug. The biology says, in theory, it should reduce cholesterol. The math checks out. The animal experiments check out. They test the drug on 1000 people and, indeed, it reduces cholesterol on all of them. Do you say, "wait a second. you've only tested the drug on .0000001% of the world's population. There's no way to say that it reduces cholesterol. Who knows what it does. Its just faith if you think it reduces cholesterol on the other 99.9999999% of the population. I will only accept that it reduces cholesterol in a human being if you test it on 50% of the world!!!! That is absurd. Yet it is the level of rigor you are requiring of evolutionary theory. Already every piece of data supports evolutionary theory from every line of evidence." Simon this is a very poor analogy and misleading to boot. As mankind all come from the same two progenitors we all share similarities. If one drug works on one then there is a good chance it will work on another. If it works on the majority of a sample population there is a good chance it will work on the majority of the mass population. But were simply stating the obvious. We already know all this context in the drug/man scenario. But this line of reasoning does not work with other examples where context is not known. So for instance if you see the following math - 1+2=3. 2+3=5. 3+4=7. Whats next? You might be right in saying 4+5=9. But you might also be totally wrong if you do not know the context of what you are looking at. What is the 100 equation and its answer? Will the math continue in like manner when into the billions? From 3 small equations it is remiss for anyone to bank their mortgage that when we are onto the trillionth equation it will still follow the same pattern. It might, but there are a trillion possibilities in between where it might alter. We do not know the context. Micro evolution sits just as nicely in the biblical creation model as it does evolutionary theory. What if the biblical creation model is the correct context!?!!! I repeat micro evolution does not conflict with the bible. At best you start with a 50/50 guess which is the correct conclusion, but you then have to weigh up the other evidence.

    See but you just don't understand how statistics and science works.

    BTW, if you like sequences here is a better analogy. Suppose someone says they have an unknown sequence, but they have a hypothesis that they think the sequence is going to be the Fibbonnaci Sequence. So you say ok I'll look for evidence. There are a million digits given, of which you right now know none. But somehow uncover what the 5th number of the sequence is, and its 5. Ok, that checks out. It doesn't prove anything, but it checks out. THat 5 could belong to a countless number of other sequences. Next, you somehow find out the 100th number of the sequence, and it happens to be 354224848179261915075. Correct again for Fibonnaci. Now what were the chances of that? Incredibly small. Still it is possible it is another sequence but unlikely now. You find another number, the 300th, and find it is 222232244629420445529739893461909967206666939096499764990979600. Again, perfect match for Fibonnaci. Suppose you find 50 random numbers in the million and they all fit Fibonnaci sequence. How confident are you the sequence is Fibonnaci. Yes there is 99.9999% unknowns that could be wrong. Yes there are GAPS. But all we needed was ONE wrong number to disprove the entire Fibonnaci hypothesis and every number fit. Thats how it is. Because of the way science works, if tons of information fits a hypothesis from different fields, its very strong evidence because only one bit of information needed to be false to disprove the whole works.

    Ok, the important point now, though, is the evidence for evolution that does not fit Biblical Creation. Like I said you need to tell me your views. But lets start with some general scientific problems in Genesis before we even get to creation.evolution.

    *Genesis 1: First day light. Third day plants and vegetation. Fourth day, God CREATES the sun, moon and stars. That is irreconciable with averything we know about science, astronomy, and how a solar system is created.

    * Genesis 1: Fifth day birds. Sixth day land animals. This is backwards and every fossil ever found can attest to this fact. Birds do not come before land animals in the fossil record. Ever. Anywhere in any strata on earth.

    * Age of man: Bible chronology puts it at 6k years. This is clearly shown false by zillions of archealogical and geological finds, their ages confirmed by dating methods which are vast, numerous, and all confirm the accuracy of one another. Carbon-14, Chlorine-36, Argon-Argon, Tree Rings, Ice Cores, Uranium-Thorium, and others. This is again, in direct odds with all science.

  • NewChapter
    NewChapter

    This started out as an intellegent discussion on Theistic Evolution. It was interesting then. I often do wonder how people that believe in a god, but fully accept science and evolution see things. It was a good topic.

    But now I see it has deteriorated into yet another fundie, creationism, ID argument, with one side not understanding the scientific method at all. These discussions are so very tiring, and there is nothing new to learn. How disappointing.

    There is another option. A thread on I.D. or creationism would fix the problem! At least then we could discuss this particular topic in the fundie-free zone.

    NC

  • NewChapter
    NewChapter

    So back on topic.

    Sulla, if you are still around. I understand the view you shared with me is only one of many. In that view, that humans eventually became morally accountable to God, but chose a pattern of sin---that they were not physically perfect and the living/dying process was continuing as it always has----

    What was the goal? What if ancient humans had decided to not take up a pattern of sin? How would things be dfferent today? And what if some of them decided to be obedient, while others did not? Do you believe they are passing some weakness on to their offspring? In that view, is the earth some kind of testing ground?

    NC

  • ninja_matty69
    ninja_matty69

    @ Cofty

    "Blunder 1 - "Are you suggesting macro evolution has occured in the past 150 years and has been observed?"

    I explained that evolution happens gradually over very long periods of time and that your request for observed major change in the past century demonstrates woeful ignorance."

    My request for evidence of macro evolution in the past 150 years and your inability to present same demonstrates that macro evolution has not occured in the past 150 years. Further it demonstrates that empirical evidence of macro evolution is not available from data collected in the said timeframe. It does nothing more/nothing less. Try not to be too emotive in your response - it simply shows you up.

    "Blunder 2 - "But dawkins herring gull is i'm afraid the ultimate fail."

    You keep going on about Herring Gulls but clearly have not the slightest idea why you feel compelled to do so. Let me help.

    Dawkins has used ring species to demonstrate how arbitrary all attempts are to define species. Gulls are an excellent example of a ring species.

    Perhaps you would like to have a go at defining species?"

    Oh dear oh dear.

    Your champion richard dawkins said regarding ring species in one of your treasured books " The best known case is the Herring Gull/Lesser Black-backed Gull ring. In Britain these are clearly distinct species, quite different in colour. Anybody can tell them apart. But if you follow the population of Herring Gulls westward round the North Pole to North America, then via Alaska across Siberia and back to Europe again, you notice a curious fact. The ‘Herring Gulls’ become less and less like Herring Gulls and more and more like Lesser Black-backed Gulls until it turns out that our European Lesser Black-backed Gulls actually are the other end of a ring that started out as Herring Gulls. At every stage around the ring, the birds are sufficiently similar to their neighbours to interbreed with them. Until, that is, the ends of the continuum are reached, in Europe. At this point, the Herring Gull and the Lesser Black-backed Gull never interbreed, although they are linked by a continuous series of interbreeding colleagues all the way round the world. The only thing that is special about ring species like these gulls is that the intermediates are still alive. All pairs of related species are potentially ring species. The intermediates must have lived once. It is just that in most cases they are now dead.” - Dawkins, R. Gaps In The Mind from A Devil’s Chaplain, p21, 2003; See also The Ancestors Tale p302, 2004

    He is not the only 'scientist' in making this error. Ask me for more readers if you want.

    The following is an excerpt on a a paper re this subject for you to read. Perhaps you should read real accounts like this rather than your evolutionary science fiction?

    " In 2004 the Royal Society produced a paper entitled “The herring gull complex is not a ring species”. After taking a number samples and analyzing the data its contributors stated that “Larus gulls do not currently fulfill the essential criteria of a ring species” largely because “its endpoints do not overlap”."

    " Another study concluded “ All three species may interbreed <Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus argenteus), Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus graellsii/intermedius), Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus michahellis)>, as has been observed quite regularly in western Europe. The following are just examples, not an all-inclusive list. ” " - Hybrid Gulls Breeding in Belgium . By Peter Adriaens "Mixed breeding in western Europe”

    " Another commentator adds “Herring Gull and Lesser Black-backed Gull interbreed to a limited degree where their ranges overlap, producing birds of intermediate appearance, which could be confused with Yellow-legged Gulls.” " - http://www.bird-center.net/articles/Hybridisation_in_gulls

    "“ "In a similar experiment over a 4-year period, Harris (1970) interspecificially cross-fostered 496 HG chicks and 389 Lesser Black-backed Gull (L. fuscus) chicks. He found that growth and survival were similar to those of normally fostered young. The cross-fostered young, especially females, later tended to mate with the foster parent species and rear hybrid offspring." - Experimental Cross-Fostering of Herring Gull and Great Black-Backed Gull Chicks. Roderick Firth, Jr. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v091n01/p0139-p0144.pdf

    So when you read your books which tell you " Gulls are an excellent example of a ring species " please don't simply believe it. When you go to university hopefully they will teach you critical thinking and you will compare with other books which will prevent you simply copying what you have read and regurgitating such drivel i.e. " Gulls are an excellent example of a ring species " when in fact (and i use simply one of the above to reiterate) "The herring gull complex is not a ring species”.

    Blunder 3 - "The theory is still theory."

    This is the unmistakable hallmark of somebody has not the slightest clue about science. Please google "theory science definition" and save yourself from future embarrassment.

    In one of your evolutionary books you treasure so highly and insist i read Mr Dawkins stated "One thing all real scientists agree upon is the fact of evolution itself. It is a fact that we are cousins of gorillas, kangaroos, starfish, and bacteria. Evolution is as much a fact as the heat of the sun. It is not a theory, and for pity's sake, let's stop confusing the philosophically naive by calling it so. Evolution is a fact."

    Now most readers of this thread will no doubt see your inability to put 2 and 2 together so i will spell it out for you. In the context i was stating that evolutionary theory was still a theory and a very weak one at best. Gravity is a fact. We have the theory of gravity which is a theory that attempts to explain it. It is subject to change. Micro evolution is a fact. We have primarily two theories to explain it. One is evolutionary theory and the other the biblical creation model. The heat of the sun is a fact and so on and so forth. Then we get to Macro evolution. It is not a fact in the sense the others are because we do not feel it we cannot see it. We only have 2nd 3rd 4th hand evidence which fit both explanations creation/evolution to some degree. We debate this point a great deal of course. But please do not try and condscend by taking my words out of context. I could easily take dawkins out of context when he says "[evolution] is not a theory". Context please - it will make you look a little better.

    "Blunder 4 - "There is no evidence of macro evolution."

    I asked you to define this unscientific term but you have still to respond.

    See previous post for definition or simply look at one of your books. Or wiki. easy

    "The evidence that every living thing descended from a common ancestor is beyond dispute."

    Eh no. Period.

    "In particular paleontology"

    Fossils? We shouldn't go there in this thread. It is not relevant to my statement that evolution is an extrapolation theory because for starters it is not empirical evidence. Secondly it won't help your argument if you want to discuss. Suggest a new thread for this though.

    "genetics provide the most compelling evidence"

    Enlighten me.

    "If you are interested we could present a few highlights of this evidence for you but nobody is likely to take time to explain complicated stuff to sombody who isn't manging to follow simple stuff."

    Emotive again but i will let it stand. Enlighten me.

    "Blunder 5 - "Nobody has ever observed it like we have observed the effects of gravity etc."

    So what? If you ever serve on a jury (god help us) will you ignore all the physical evidence, all the forensics and DNA because nobody observed the crime happen?

    The exact same techniques that prove court cases beyond all reasonable doubt also prove you descended from a common ancestor with a chimp."

    Prove it then.

    @ NewChapter

    My statement is primarily because of the scientific method. It would be worth somebody reiterating what it is. Its exactly the reason i would prefer to ignore 2nd hand evidence such as fossils in this particular argument. Although i am more than happy to discuss fossils. Apologies to anyone if i have hijacked this thread. more than happy to debate in another.

  • NewChapter
    NewChapter

    My statement is primarily because of the scientific method. It would be worth somebody reiterating what it is

    Feel free to do so.

    Its exactly the reason i would prefer to ignore 2nd hand evidence such as fossils in this particular argument.

    Then why are you even partaking of this discussion? You offhandedly dismiss a huge body of evidence, simply because you prefer to. That is not scientific. That doesn't even make sense.

    You are able to start a thread on I.D. if you like.

  • simon17
    simon17

    You still have to overcome objections to why the Bible completely fails scientifically before we even get to evolutionary evidence and for why you dismiss the ample evidence of the fossil record as found in my last post. But so you don't think I'm coy, I'll give you one other line of evidence.

    Endogenous retroviruses which are remanants of past parasitic viral infections left over in our genome. A significant portion of our genome are these viruses. These of course, don't make any sense being here under creationist viewpoint but thats a different point. Not often does a parasitic virus embed its genetic code into our own in such a way that it will be passed on to all future offspring but it does happen. If we find the same virus in the same chromosonal positioning in two animals, that will good evidence that those two animals had a common ancestor. So when we look at all the endogenous retrograde viruses what do we find. Some are unique to humans and to other species because they are newer. Some our unique to just us and chimps, in the same chromosonal positions. Some unique to just us chimps and gorillas, again in the exact same spots in the genome. Some unique to these three and orangutans. Some unique to these four and gibbon, etc etc. Just in the exact same places. And these relationships are exactly the evolutionary order that all other lines of evidence suggested before anyone even knew of (or compared retroviruses). What we don't find, not once, is something like the human and the gibbon sharing a retrovirus without the gorilla, chimp and orangutan containing the same retrovirus. This clearly shows the relationships of how these species came from common ancestors of various times in the distant past.

    You can read more: Lebedev, Y. B., Belonovitch, O. S., Zybrova, N. V, Khil, P. P., Kurdyukov, S. G., Vinogradova, T. V., Hunsmann, G., and Sverdlov, E. D. (2000) "Differences in HERV-K LTR insertions in orthologous loci of humans and great apes." Gene 247: 265-277.

  • cofty
    cofty

    This is why I asked ninja_matty99 at the beginning what books on evolution he had studied. It wasn't a sarcastic question I was serious. I have repeated the question 4 times now with no reply so I think it may be reasonable to assume the answer is none.

    Years ago I may have made similar assertions to matty. Since then I have read dozens of books and online articles and listened to countless hours of lectures and debates. After 12 years of this I would admit to being a complete beginner in comparison to many others. Science is difficult, sceintists are really smart and understanding their discoveries takes a lot of time and effort. Then along come people like matty who knows zero about the subject and yet makes assertions that it is all wrong and the Iron- Age book with talking snakes and worldwide floods is actually science.

    The lack of humility is breathtaking.

    Now in a thread on the merits of theistic evolution matty crashes in and demands we provide enough evidence to convince him about the fact of evolution. Its like a child who can't yet do their multiplication tables demanding that his teacher prove to him right now how differential calculus works.

    Simon17 has already indulged you with a very powerful example that ought to whet your appetite. You could spend weeks or months researching it further or you could spend 5 minutes finding a pathetic refutation by an internet creationoid.

    If you really are interested in learning more about the overwhelming body of evidence for evolution from multiple fields of science then feel free to start a new thread. Many well informed people including myself will be happy to join in the discussion.

    Ultimately the only way to learn is to get the books and study them. Do that, come back in 5 years or so and tell us what you think. At least by then you will be entitled to an opinion.

    Here are just a few suggestions to get you started...

    "Endless Forms Most Beautiful" by Sean B. Carroll

    "The making of the fittest" by Sean B Carroll

    "Evolution, what the fossils say" by Donald Prothero

    "Why Evolution is true" by Jerry Coyne

    "Your Inner Fish" by Neil Shubin

    "The Greatest Show on Earth" by Dawkins (summary of some of it here)

    "Life Ascending" by Nick Lane

  • NewChapter
    NewChapter

    When I took physical anthropology, it was my first science class in over 25 years---it made my freaking head hurt, and I accepted Evolution. It is something that takes deep and focused thought. Not only did I need to study for hours, I needed to relearn so much. Even though I no longer accepted creation, the old tapes still played in my head. I would find myself using flawed thinking when studying the evidence, and then I would have to make a correction in my brain to turn the critical thinking back on.

    At this point, I feel I have a much greater understanding---but I could take the same class 3 more times, and still get more layers out of it. I regret returning my text, because so many times I have wanted to go back and re read and pick up what I missed. It makes it hard for me to eloquently phrase what I have learned, because I am still processing it. That's why we have Cofty.

    It takes time and perseverence to take all this in. It is much more than a few versus in an old text---it is complex and exciting---But if you are looking at it with the idea that you are wasting your time, you simply will not grasp the concepts properly and will be easily misled.

    NC

  • binadub
    binadub

    Cofty:

    I promise this will probably be my last thoughtful rebuttal on this topic. We’re discussing here the specific comment you made that I disagreed with:

    Intelligent Design is a specific term that refers to ideas invented by Michael Behe and his collegues and promoted by the Discovery Institute. It pretends to be science but is in fact creationism in disguise.

    Let me address your reply to me about the second sentence first, since it is brief:

    If you wish to show that the second sentence is wrong you have all your work to do to show that ID is scientific.

    I have said so many times in this thread that ID is not science that I can only presume you have glossed over what I wrote because you assume it cannot have any intelligent merit. Intelligent design is a philosophical theory, the same as atheism and, for that matter, some conclusions drawn from the study of evolution.
    I have also presented quotes that show they (ID proponents) are not creationists, and I'll show some more in this post.

    So NOW . . . with reference to your first sentence in the above quote, I took your advice and did a Google search on: “Intelligent Design definition”
    The results prove you are patently wrong in your definition of ID as being creationism, as well as the term being Behe's invention.

    Two dictionary definitions (which I agree correctly define the term):

    in·tel·li·gent de·sign
    noun -
    The theory that life, or the universe, cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity.

    intelligent design noun -the theory that the universe and living things were designed and created by the purposeful action of an intelligent agent.

    Your first sentence:

    Intelligent Design is a specific term that refers to ideas invented by Michael Behe and his collegues and promoted by the Discovery Institute.

    The following segments quoted from the on-line “New World Encyclopedia” on "Intelligent Design" illustrate that your statement is mistaken.
    http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Intelligent_design [Empheses mine]:

    Intelligent design (ID) is the view that it is possible to infer from empirical evidence that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection.

    . . .<snip>

    . . . Intelligent design generally is not defined the same as creationism, proponents maintaining that ID relies on scientific evidence rather than on Scripture or religious doctrines. ID makes no claims about biblical chronology, and technically a person does not have to believe in God to infer intelligent design in nature. As a theory, ID also does not specify the identity or nature of the designer, so it is not the same as natural theology, which reasons from nature to the existence and attributes of God. ID does not claim that all species of living things were created in their present forms, and it does not claim to provide a complete account of the history of the universe or of living things.

    . . .<snip>

    ID may be considered to consist only of the minimal assertion that it is possible to infer from empirical evidence that some features of the natural world are best explained by an intelligent agent. It conflicts with views claiming that there is no real design in the cosmos (e.g., materialistic philosophy) or in living things (e.g., Darwinian evolution),) or that design, though real, is undetectable (e.g., some forms of theistic evolution). Because of such conflicts, ID has generated considerable controversy.

    . . .<snip>

    The minimalist view described above, however, emerged in the 1980s.

    --------------------
    Cofty:

    To your statement: Intelligent Design is a specific term that refers to ideas invented by Michael Behe . . .
    Behe didn't come on the scene with his concepts until about 1993-1996.
    Continuing snipets from the "New World Encyclopedia" article on "Intelligent Design" [emphases mine] :
    ------------------------

    Cosmologist Fred Hoyle used the term “intelligent design" in 1982, . . . <snip>

    Soon afterward, chemist Charles B. Thaxton was impressed by chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi’s argument that the information in DNA could not be reduced to physics and chemistry. Something more was needed. Thaxton later said that he preferred intelligent design to creationism because he “wasn’t comfortable with the typical vocabulary that for the most part creationists were using because it didn’t express what I was trying to do. They were wanting to bring God into the discussion, and I was wanting to stay within the empirical domain and do what you can do legitimately there.

    In 1984, Thaxton joined with materials scientist Walter L. Bradley and geochemist Roger L. Olsen to publish The Mystery of Life’s Origin, which criticized “chemical evolution,” the idea that unguided natural processes produced the first living cells abiotically, from non-living materials. The authors distinguished between order (such as found in crystals), complexity (such as found in random mixtures of molecules), and “specified complexity” (the information-rich complexity in biological molecules such as DNA). Relying on the uniformitarian principle “that the kinds of causes we observe producing certain effects today can be counted on to have produced similar effects in the past,” the authors argued, “What is needed is to identify in the present an abiotic cause of specified complexity.Thaxton, Bradley, and Olsen concluded: “We have observational evidence in the present that intelligent investigators can (and do) build contrivances to channel energy down nonrandom chemical pathways to bring about some complex chemical synthesis, even gene building. May not the principle of uniformity then be used in a broader frame of consideration to suggest that DNA had an intelligent cause at the beginning?”

    The following year (1985), molecular biologist Michael Denton published Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, which criticized the evidence for Darwin’s theory and defended the view that design could be inferred from living things. Since “living things are machines for the purposes of description, research, and analysis,” Denton wrote, it is legitimate to extend the analogy between living things and machines to attribute their origin to include intelligent design. He concluded: “The inference to design is a purely a posteriori induction based on a ruthlessly consistent application of the logic of analogy. The conclusion may have religious implications [though Denton did not draw any], but it does not depend on religious presuppositions.”

    In 1989, biologists Percival Davis and Dean H. Kenyon (under the editorship of Charles Thaxton) published Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins. The book’s introduction explained that it was “not intended to be a balanced treatment” of the subject, but a presentation of “a favorable case for intelligent design” in order “to balance the overall curriculum” in biology classes. The book concluded: “Any view or theory of origins must be held in spite of unsolved problems…, [but] there is impressive and consistent evidence, from each area we have studied, for the view that living things are the product of intelligent design.

    Two years later (1991), Berkeley law professor Phillip E. Johnson published Darwin On Trial, which critically analyzed the logic and assumptions Darwinists use to rule out design in living things. Johnson concluded: “Darwinist scientists believe that the cosmos is a closed system of material causes and effects, and they believe that science must be able to provide a naturalistic explanation for the wonders of biology that appear to have been designed for a purpose. Without assuming those beliefs they could not deduce that common ancestors once existed for all the major groups of the biological world, or that random mutations and natural selection can substitute for an intelligent designer.

    ======================[End quote]

    As mentioned, Behe did not come on the scene with his ideas about "irreducible complexity" until 1993. His book "Darwin's Black Box" in 1996 contributed to popularizing the term "intelligent design", but he definitely did not invent it nor the theories.

    It's one thing to disagree with ID, but another to claim it is what it is not. This is not to say that ID proponents don't have personal religious views or may have varying degrees of personal agendas for ID. Some do and some don't (as for example deists). Behe happens to be Catholic. The point is that "intelligent design" as a theory is presented as nothing more specific than an alternative to atheism, period. It is not even specifically "theism," which I didn't even realize until I looked into it further as a result of this thread. (Thanks)

    Here’s another link for definition (IF you're interested)
    http://connection.ebscohost.com/science/intelligent-design/history-intelligent-design-theory

    ~Binadu b

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