((((((((Funky Derek))))))))
He put the smack down on your ass, "Hilda."
Lisa
Troll Patrol
Is Anything Worth Dying For?
by HildaBingen 29 Replies latest jw friends
-
LDH
-
bakedcanuck
Cyclical Ketogenic Diets Part 1
Copyright Lyle McDonald 1996Abstract
After roughly a 20 year absence from the public eye, the ketogenic diet
has made a reappearance in both the fields of weight loss as well as sports
nutrition. Books like "Dr. Atkins New Diet Revolution", "Protein Power" by
the Eades', and to a lesser degree "The Carbohydrate Addicts Diet" by the
Hellers have brought low carb dieting back into the weight loss arena.
Additionally, in the field of sports nutrition, two slightly different
approaches have entered the fray in the form of "The Anabolic Diet" created
by Dr. Mauro DiPasquale and "Bodyopus" created by Dan Duchaine. Rather
than suggesting a low carbohydrate approach indefinitely, these two diets
advocate a cyclical ketogenic approach combining 5 days of low carbohydrate
intake with a 2 day carb-up akin to what endurance athletes used to do
prior to competition.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to draw any absolute conclusions about this
approach from article written about it as the groups involved in the debate
invariably have some vested financial interest in either promoting or
decrying the approach. In this article, I simply want to examine some of
the theoretical bases of the cyclical ketogenic diet and if it has any
merit. Additionally, possible health concerns will be discussed.Some Basic physiology
What are ketones?
Ketone or ketone bodies (KB) are a byproduct of fat metabolism. KB's are
generated in the liver due to the actions of glucagon (15). There are two
KB's which circulate freely in the bloodstream. They are acetoacetate and
beta-hydroxybutyrate. Most aerobic tissues, including the brain, skeletal
muscle, and the heart can oxidize KB's for fuel (8). Under normal blood
sugar conditions, glucose is the preferred fuel in the brain, muscles and
heart. Under these conditions the rate of ketone body utilization by
tissue depends in part on their concentration. Under normal conditions, KB
metabolism is minimal, perhaps 1-2% of total energy expenditure. In
diabetic ketotic patients, this can increase to 5% (8).Glucagon, insulin and ketogenesis:
The formation of KB's and utilization of fuel is ultimately controlled by
the circulating levels of insulin and glucagon. Insulin is a hormone
released from the pancreas in response to eating carbohydrates. Glucagon
is insulin's antagonistic hormone and is only present when insulin levels
fall to quite low levels. In the liver, high glucagon levels direct FFA
away from TG synthesis and towards beta-oxidation. Glucagon also activates
adipose tissue lipase which activates lipolysis. Glucagon's ketogenic and
lipolytic effects are inactivated by even small amounts of insulin. To
achieve sufficient glucagon concentrations for increased
ketogenesis/lipolysis, blood glucose levels must drop to around 50-60 mg/dl
and insulin must drop almost to zero. This drop in insulin can occur with
complete fasting, exercise, or by simply restricting carbohydrate intake to
below 30 grams per day. Within about 3 days of carbohydrate restriction,
blood glucose will fall below 60 mg/dl, insulin levels will drop to zero
and glucagon levels will increase causing an increase in KB formation.
With exercise training, ketogenesis should occur more quickly and ketosis
established. (2)
How to induce ketosis?
Ketosis (defined as the buildup of the KB's in the bloodstream) will occur
under several conditions including: fasting, after prolonged exercise, and
when a high fat diet is consumed. (7,8,15).
Once ketosis is established (i.e. when ketone concentration in the blood
is higher than glucose concentration), ketones will become the preferred
fuel by all three tissues providing up to 75% of the fuel utilized (7).
The brain, which normally utilizes glucose exclusively for fuel will, after
a period of 2 to 3 weeks, switch almost exclusively to using KB's for fuel
(1, 6, 15). The time delay for the brain to make this metabolic shift has
some major implications which need to be discussed. As described further
below, one study (22) found a decrement in mental flexibility during the
first week of adopting aketogenic diet. Therefore, for individuals who's
jobs or livelihood requires great mental acuity, the ketogenic diet
approach (cyclical or otherwise) may not be an ideal one. -
HildaBingen
Nice way not to answer a question, funky. Biblical Christianity does not devalue this life. Read 1 Timothy 4:8. But Jesus taught his followers that he/she who tries to save his/her life will lose it. The present life is good. But it is not the be-all-and-end-all.
-
bakedcanuck
The ketogenic ratio
Food can be rated as either ketogenic or anti-ketogenic dependent on their
conversion to glucose in the body. Dietary fats are the most ketogenic
item, converting to glucose with only 10% efficiency. Proteins are in the
middle, converting to glucose with about 58% efficiency (this is due to the
fact that some dietary amino acids are ketogenic in nature, meaning that
they convert to ketones, and others are glucogenic, meaning that they
convert to glucose) (2). Dietary carbohydrates convert to blood sugar with
100% efficiency making them completely anti-ketogenic in nature. To
rapidly establish ketosis, a minimum ratio of 1.5 grams of fat for each
gram of protein and/or carbohydrate is recommended. This would provide a
ketogenic ratio of 1.5:1. While higher ketogenic ratios are used
clinically, this author can see no need to use a higher ratio of fat to
protein and carbs for a healthy athlete. (5)What exactly does ketosis mean?
Ketosis simply refers to a metabolic state where the concentration of KB's
in the blood builds to higher than normal levels. As will be discussed
below in further detail, this should not be equated with the ketoacidosis
which occurs in diabetics.
The presence of ketosis through whatever means implies two things (15):
1. that lipid energy metabolism has been activated
2. that the entire pathway of lipid degradation is intact.
Normally, there is fairly tight control on the production of KB's. Except
in pathological conditions such as diabetes, excess ketones will simply be
excreted in the urine (1). This allows an individual to check for the
presence and urinary concentration of ketones by utilizing Ketostix.Metabolic effects of ketogenic diets
Establishment of ketosis, even in the short term, has the effect of
increasing the body's ability to utilize fat for fuel. After adaptation to
ketosis, there is a decrease in fasting RQ (an indicator of relative fuel
metabolism with lower values indication greater reliance on fat metabolism
versus carbohydrate metabolism) (7). Also, there is a decrease in glucose
oxidation during ketogenic diets as KB's are providing much of the body's
energy needs (18). Additionally, adaptation to a ketogenic diet increases
fat oxidation during exercise even in trained individuals (14, 17).
One point of contention regarding ketogenic diets is the supposed protein
sparing effect when compared to a eucaloric diet with a high carbohydrate
intake. Due to methodological differences, some studies have found a
decrease in protein utilization while others have found an increase (8).
However, available data seems to support the idea that ketosis spares
protein from being used for energy. Since there is essentially an
unlimited supply of fat which can be converted to ketones, and since
ketones can be used by all oxidative tissues, there should be little need
to oxidize protein to generate glucose through gluconeogenesis. There is
an obligatory protein requirement which must be met of about 30 grams per
day. And, to be safe, an intake of 60-75 grams of protein is recommended
(7). -
SixofNine
It is a moot point in the context you presented it. Here is why: you said
Maybe JWs are mistaken when it comes to the BT issue; maybe not.
Absolutely provably wrong. There is no maybe, they are mistaken. I've gotten into conversations with witnesses who presented it that way, and the point is obvious--be willing to die for god.
No god talker. YOU be willing to put aside your arrogance and quit telling God that he wants humans to die.
Me? I'll die for my kid. I'd probably die for your kid. Hell, if you don't reveal your hateful ignorant arrogant personality to me, I might even die for you.
-
funkyderek
The present life is good. But it is not the be-all-and-end-all.
Oh yes it is, and I defy you to prove otherwise.
Why would a deity give us a life, and then expect us to gamble it for a better life? Why not just give us the life he wants us to have in the first place?--
But if you pray all your sins are hooked upon the sky
Pray and the heathen lie will disappear
Prayers they hide the saddest view
(Believing the strangest things, loving the alien)
-- David Bowie, Loving The Alien -
TheStar
Bakedcanuk,
Where did you get this info. from? I've actually been reading all your posts cause I'm currently on a low carb diet, myself. Can you please tell me where you got this info.? Thanks.
-
-
-
Mimilly
I'm dying for some chocolate ice cream.... anyone else want some?