There have been a few studies of life expectancy in the past. For previous times, analysis of teeth and bone struktures play an important part. For more modern times, we have figures based on both forensic evidence and written records.
Those who find low figures for earlier times unlikely fail to take into account the enormous infant and child mortality of all pre-industrial societies. Add to that the death tolls of the much higher violence of the day and especially how vulnerable people were to epidemics and diseases that we may consider trivial today. It is quite possible that more than half of the human beings that have ever lived died from one single disease: malaria. Add to this the fact that the typical death-cause of any woman who reached childbearing age was death due to complications during pregnancy or birth.
Pointing to famous persons in ancient days as examples is quite pointless. These were almost always people from the higher classes, having better healthcare and food available than the average person. Naturally, there is a bias built in: exceptional individuals cannot be compared to the average. If they had died in young age, they would not have accomplished whatever made them famous.
Research has demonstrated that the average life expectancy of people in the Stone Age was around 21 years. Thousands of years later, during the Roman Empire, it was not significantly more. Considering the greater availability of food and a safer society, this may be surprising. Nevertheless, it is true.
Not much seems to have happened during the Middle Ages, and records are sparse. One study of Benedictine Monks in Canterbury, England, from 1395-1505, shows their life expectancy to have been 22 years at birth. These were hardly representative, true, but if such figures are biased I doubt they are too low.
From around 1600 the life expectancy started to slowly increase in Europe, due to better sanitary conditions and of course food availability. It seems to have approached around 30. As late as in 1800 it was around 37 in the richest country in the world, England and it was 30 in France.
From around 1860 we can see a marked increase in all countries of the western world from one decade to the next. Today this average life expectancy at birth is around 80 in industrialized countries.
In the 20th century we could see an even more dramatic increase in what is called the 3rd world. In 1930 it was around 24 in China. In 1990 it was 69.4. For India, it was 24-25 in 1910-11, increasing to 57.9 in 1990. Chile, one of the better developing countries, had a life expectancy of 30.6 years in 1909. In 1990 it was 71.5.
This is the typical development all over the world, with no expections over time.
I doubt you find any region in the world today with a lower life expectancy than 25. If that is the case, it is true that people all over the world today, even in the most primitive regions, have a higher life expectancy than almost every human through premodern time could hope for.
Sources:
Ascardi, George and J. Nemeskeri. 1970. History of Human Life Span and Mortality. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.
Barclay, George et al. 1976. A Reassessment of the Demography of Traditional Rural China. Population Index, 42(4), 606-35.
Bhat, Mari. 1987, Mortality in India: Levels, Trends and Patterns. Dissertation in Demography; University of Pennsylvaina, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
United Nations. 1990. World Population Prospects: 1990. Population Study No. 120.
- Jan
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Faith, n. Belief without evidence in what is told by one who speaks without knowledge, of things without parallel. [Ambrose Bierce, The Devil´s Dictionary, 1911]