NVL, you wrote:
“The letter f also looked like as s long ago. . . .”
You are much mistaken, NVL. The letter “F” NEVER looked like an “S”—ever. It was the OTHER WAY ROUND. It was t he long, medial or descendings (?) that was a form of the minuscule letter s formerly used where s occurred in the middle or at the beginning of a word, for example ?infulne?s ("sinfulness"). The modern letterform was called the terminal or short s.
The questions marks in the text below were supposed to be images of the long "s."
Yes, indeed, check out Wikipedia to see the photos! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_s
Check out the italicized long s used in the word "Congress" in the United States Bill of Rights.
Check out the Title page of John Milton's Paradise Lost.
The long s is derived from the old Roman cursive medial s. When the distinction between upper case (capital) and lower case (small) letter-forms became established, towards the end of the eighth century, it developed a more vertical form.In this period it was occasionally used at the end of a word, a practice which quickly died out but was occasionally revived in Italian printing between about 1465 and 1480. The short s was also normally used in the combination sf, for example in ?atisfaction. In German written in Blackletter, the rules are more complicated: short s also appears at the end of each word within a compound word.
The long s is subject to confusion with the lower case or minuscule f, sometimes even having an f-like nub at its middle, but on the left side only, in various roman typefaces and in blackletter. There was no nub in its italic typeform, which gave the stroke a descender curling to the left—not possible with the other typeforms mentioned without kerning.
The nub acquired its form in the blackletter style of writing. What looks like one stroke was actually a wedge pointing downward, whose widest part was at that height (x-height), and capped by a second stroke forming an ascender curling to the right. Those styles of writing and their derivatives in type design had a cross-bar at the height of the nub for letters f and t, as well as k. In roman type, these disappeared except for the one on the medial s.
The long s was used in ligatures in various languages. Three examples were for si, ss, and st, besides the German double s, ß.
The long s fell out of use in roman and italic typefaces well before the middle of the 19th century; in France the change occurred from about 1780 onwards, in Britain in the decades around 1800, and some twenty years later in the United States. This may have been spurred by the fact that long s looks somewhat like an f (in both its roman and italic forms), whereas short s did not have this disadvantage, making it easier to identify, especially for people with problems of vision.
The long s survives in Fraktur typefaces. The present-day German double sß (das Eszett "the ess-zed" or scharfes-ess, "the sharp S") is an atrophied ligature form representing either ?z or ?s (see ß for more). Greek also features a normal sigma σ and a special terminal form ς, which may have supported the idea of specialized s forms. In Renaissance Europe a significant fraction of the literate class was familiar with Ancient Greek.
Just thought you’d like to keep your facts straight. Then, maybe not. Nevertheless, may Jah bless and the Christ shine upon you.
--Inkie