Posts by aqwsed12345

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196
The point of existence and how it refutes the Trinity
by slimboyfat in
1. watchtower
2. beliefs
rowan williams, the former archbishop of canterbury gave an interesting answer to the somewhat stark question, what’s the point of us existing?

as a christian, my starting point is that we exist because the most fundamental form of activity, energy, call it what you like, that is there, is love.

that is, it’s a willingness that the other should be.
aqwsed12345
@slimboyfat
First of all, I note that even the Arian creeds acknowledged about the Son:
- "He who has begotten the only-begotten Son before aeonian times (χρόνων αἰωνίων), through whom also he made the aeons and everything..." (Profession of Faith of Arius)
- "And if anybody teaches contrary to the sound, right faith of the Scriptures, alleging that either time or occasion or age exists or did exist before the Son was begotten, let him be anathema." (Dedication Creed)
- "who before all ages and before all beginning and before all conceivable time and before all comprehensible substance (οὐσίας) was begotten impassibly from God through whom the ages were set up and all things came into existence" (Homoiousian Creed of Nike)
Here is a more balanced treatise on Tertullian:
Tertullian on the Trinity
A recurring claim among antitrinitarians and certain critics of Nicene orthodoxy is that some early Christian writers, such as Tertullian, supposedly denied the eternal generation of the Son—asserting instead that God “became” Father only once the Son came into existence. The quote most often cited in this regard is from Against Hermogenes, chapter 3, where Tertullian writes:

“There was, however, a time when neither sin existed with Him, nor the Son; the former of which was to constitute the Lord a Judge, and the latter a Father.”

On a superficial reading, it might appear that Tertullian is affirming that the Son had a beginning in time. But this is not a sound or complete interpretation of either the passage or Tertullian's larger theology. Let’s unpack why this argument collapses under scrutiny. Tertullian is engaging with Hermogenes’ dualistic teaching that matter existed eternally alongside God, and that God has always been “Lord” over it. Tertullian’s response is that terms like “Lord,” “Father,” and “Judge” are relational titles, and do not refer to God's essence (substantia) but to His relation to creation and sin:

“God is the designation of the substance itself… but ‘Lord’ is not a designation of substance, but of power.” (Adv. Hermog. 3)

In other words, God has always been God by nature, but titles like “Father” or “Judge” arise only with the existence of a Son or of sin—from our perspective in time and history. These are not ontological changes in God, but logical or economic designations. As Aquinas later explains:

“In God, generation is eternal, not temporal, since God is outside of time.” (ST I, q.27, a.2)

Tertullian’s rhetorical device—“there was a time when… the Son was not”—should not be read as a denial of the eternal Logos but as an explanation of why titles like 'Father' or 'Lord' appear progressively in Scripture (e.g., Genesis 2:15 introduces “Lord God”). In Adversus Praxean, his key anti-modalist work, Tertullian clearly teaches the Son’s eternal preexistence, as the divine Logos within the Father:

“Even before all things, God was not alone, for He had within Himself Reason [Logos], and Reason was in Him as His own substance.” (Adv. Prax. 5)

This “Word,” he writes, proceeds from the Father—not as a creation, but as an emanation from the divine substance:

“Whatever therefore was the substance of the Word… I claim for it the name of Son; and while I recognize the Son, I assert His distinction as second to the Father.” (Adv. Prax. 7)

This aligns perfectly with the later Nicene formulation: the Son is begotten, not made, consubstantial (ὁμοούσιος) with the Father.

Antitrinitarians often quote Tertullian’s phrase:

“The Father is the whole substance, but the Son is a derivation and portion of the whole.” (Adv. Prax. 9.2)

But this language reflects eternal generation, not subordination or creaturehood. Tertullian uses the term portio in a Stoic context—not to imply division of essence, but participation without separation. As he clarifies:

“The Father and the Son are of one substance, but the persons are distinct.” (Adv. Prax. 13)

This is fully Trinitarian in substance, if not yet in post-Nicene vocabulary. The Son derives from the Father as Light from Light—“not made,” but eternally begotten. According to Thomas Aquinas, God’s paternity is not accidental or acquired in time. Rather, the Father is eternally Father because the Son is eternally begotten:

“The divine persons are distinguished by relations alone, and paternity is a real relation founded on the eternal generation of the Son.” (ST I, q.28, a.1)

If God were not eternally Father, then something would be added to His nature when He becomes Father—contradicting divine immutability (cf. ST I, q.9), which Scripture itself affirms:
- “I the Lord do not change.” (Malachi 3:6)
- “With God there is no variation or shadow due to change.” (James 1:17)
Thus, the Father must always be Father, because the Son is eternally from Him. Despite his occasional use of imprecise language (understandable before the Nicene debates), Tertullian explicitly affirms the Son’s full divinity and personal distinction from the Father and the Spirit:
- He is the Word eternally in God (Adv. Prax. 5).
- He is God and yet distinct from the Father (Adv. Prax. 13).
- He is Creator of all things, not a creature (Adv. Prax. 7).
- He is not an angel, but divine in nature (De Carne Christi 14).
His famous formula—“una substantia, tres personae”—prefigures the Nicene and later Trinitarian orthodoxy. Far from Arianism, Tertullian is a Trinitarian pioneer, combating both modalism and subordinationism. So your argument that “Tertullian said there was a time when the Son was not” collapses once:
- Context is properly understood.
- His full writings are considered.
- The philosophical and theological vocabulary of his time is taken into account.
He affirmed that the Son, as Word and Wisdom, existed eternally in God, proceeding from the Father but not as a created being. He anticipated Nicene theology by affirming the unity of substance and the real distinction of persons. Therefore, Tertullian cannot be invoked as a witness against the Trinity, unless one quotes him selectively and ignores his overall theological vision. As the Catechism of the Catholic Church affirms:

“The Church’s faith confesses that the Word who became flesh is the Son of the eternal Father. He was not made, but begotten, not in time but from eternity.” (CCC 262)

So did Tertullian.
187
Insight Book LIES - then tells the TRUTH!
by BoogerMan in
1. watchtower
2. bible
it-1 p. 493 communication - "when the circumcision issue was resolved by the governing body in jerusalem......".

it-1 p. 881 galatians, letter to the - "by reason of a revelation, paul, with barnabas and titus, went to jerusalem regarding the circumcision issue; he learned nothing new from james, peter, and john, but they recognized that he had been empowered for an apostleship to the nations.

" (galatians 2:1-10).
aqwsed12345
@scholar
First of all, there is no such thing in Scripture as a 360-day "Prophetic Year" used for long-term chronology. The Watchtower doctrine depends entirely on the assertion that a “prophetic year” consists of 360 days, and that this system is used to convert days into years using a “day-for-a-year” principle (Ezek 4:5–6; Num 14:34). However, the Bible never uses the concept of a 360-day “prophetic year” to calculate long periods such as 2520 years. This is a fabricated hermeneutical device, not a biblical teaching.
Revelation 11:2–3 and 12:6,14 speak in symbolic, short-term apocalyptic imagery, not in literal calendar systems for interpreting Old Testament prophecies:
- Revelation 11:2-3 speaks of 1260 days, equated with 42 months (3½ years).
- Revelation 12:6,14 refers to the same 1260 days as "a time, times, and half a time" (i.e., 3½ "times" or years).
Yes, in apocalyptic symbolic visions, 360 days is treated as a year, likely reflecting an idealized lunar calendar. But this usage is limited to Revelation and not applied in Daniel 4, which the 2520 doctrine depends on. Revelation uses symbolic short-term periods (1260 days = 3.5 years) not long historical timelines. Extrapolating this to 2520 years is illegitimate.
The entire 2520-year doctrine rests on the assumption that the "seven times" in Daniel 4, referring to Nebuchadnezzar’s period of madness, somehow symbolize 2520 years. However, Daniel 4 is clearly a historical narrative, not an apocalyptic prophecy. The "seven times" is interpreted within the chapter itself as a period of Nebuchadnezzar’s temporary insanity, not as a symbolic period representing global Gentile domination. There is no indication in the text that these "seven times" should be converted into years or that they extend beyond the king’s personal experience.Therefore, applying a "prophetic year" concept to Daniel 4 is anachronistic and unjustified. It violates proper exegesis and context.
JWs cite Ezekiel 4:6 ("a day for a year") and Numbers 14:34 to support a method of converting days into years for prophecy. But these verses apply to specific prophetic acts involving symbolic judgment (Ezekiel lying on his side, Israel’s wilderness wanderings, and are not a general rule for interpreting all time periods in prophecy. Nowhere in Scripture is there a universal, prophetic "day-for-a-year" hermeneutic applied to Daniel 4 or used to derive 2520 years from any text.
The entire "Gentile Times" doctrine hinges on a fabricated number:
7 times × 360 days = 2520 days → then converted (without scriptural warrant) to 2520 years.
But:
- The Bible never defines "times" as years in Daniel 4.
- The number 2520 never appears in Scripture.
- The conversion of 2520 days into 2520 years is arbitrary, cherry-picked, and unsupported by biblical language or logic.
This is eisegesis, reading a desired interpretation into the text, rather than drawing it from the text (exegesis).
Van Goudoever is discussing ancient calendrical systems, not advocating a doctrinal or prophetic use of the 360-day year. His mention of 360-day years refers to how ancient peoples reckoned lunar calendars, not as a tool for calculating divine timelines like 2520 years. The citation is irrelevant to the doctrinal argument. It’s misused to give scholarly weight to an unscholarly interpretive leap.
196
The point of existence and how it refutes the Trinity
by slimboyfat in
1. watchtower
2. beliefs
rowan williams, the former archbishop of canterbury gave an interesting answer to the somewhat stark question, what’s the point of us existing?

as a christian, my starting point is that we exist because the most fundamental form of activity, energy, call it what you like, that is there, is love.

that is, it’s a willingness that the other should be.
aqwsed12345
@slimboyfat
This idea—which you mention as possibly originating with Tertullian—is not only speculative but ultimately rejected by the very trajectory of Christian theology. While Tertullian may have spoken imperfectly about the divine persons (before the technical vocabulary of homoousios, persona, natura was fully clarified), he did not intend to deny the eternal generation of the Son. In fact, in Adversus Praxean, he says:
"The Son is always in the Father...and the Father is not without the Son."
Even if he hesitantly used temporal-sounding terms (as many did before Nicaea), the Nicene Creed clarified what the Church had always believed implicitly: that the Father is eternally Father by the eternal generation of the Son (see ST I, q.27–28). For God to be eternally love (1 Jn 4:8), there must eternally be the beloved. A Father without a Son is either not really Father, or not eternal.
“In God, generation is eternal, not temporal, since God is outside time.” – ST I, q.27, a.2
Thus, to say “there was a time when God was not Father” is to introduce change in the divine nature, which violates God’s immutability (ST I, q.9, a.1), a dogma affirmed by Scripture itself (Mal 3:6; James 1:17).
You argue that because in human experience the father precedes the son, the divine Son must be temporally posterior to the Father. But this is a category error. Scripture uses analogical language—not univocal. When God is called "Father," it does not imply biological or temporal priority, but a relational distinction within the divine nature. Thomas Aquinas is very clear:
“The name ‘Father’ is a personal name in God and signifies relation only, not substance or time.” – ST I, q.33, a.1
If we were to take the analogy univocally, we would have to ascribe biological sex and procreation to God—clearly absurd. Rather, the title “Father” reveals eternal origin without temporal beginning. The Son is eternally begotten, not created. No time exists between Father and Son, as there is no succession in God. Any attempt to apply temporal categories to divine relations leads to error.
You cite Proverbs 8:22 as evidence that the Son (as Wisdom) was created. First, the Hebrew term qanah (“The Lord possessed me…”) does not necessarily mean “created.” It can mean “possess,” “acquire,” or “beget,” depending on context. The Greek Septuagint translation uses ἔκτισέν με (“He created me”), but the Church Fathers—like Athanasius and Augustine—insisted this refers to the human nature of Christ or a poetic personification of Wisdom, not His divine nature. Athanasius answers this objection directly in Contra Arianos:
“The Lord created me not as Word or Wisdom, but as a man.” (CA, II.44)
This verse does not refer to the pre-incarnate Christ in any ontological sense. While early Christian interpreters did draw parallels between Wisdom in Proverbs 8 and the Logos, the Hebrew word in question here is qanah, which most often means “to possess,” not “to create.” For example, qanah is used in Genesis 14:19 (“possessor of heaven and earth”), not “creator.” Moreover, the Septuagint’s use of ektise (from ktizō)—“created”—was an unfortunate translation that fueled misunderstanding but does not reflect the full semantic range of qanah. Church Fathers like Athanasius and Augustine explicitly rejected the idea that this passage teaches the creation of the Logos, insisting that Proverbs 8 refers typologically or poetically to Wisdom, not literally to the divine Logos in His essence.
Moreover, John 1:3 clearly states:
“Through Him all things were made… and without Him nothing was made that has been made.”
Thus, the Son (Logos) cannot be among created things. He is the instrumental principle of all creation, including time itself.
The language of Colossians 1:15 is misunderstood. “Firstborn” (prototokos) is not the same as “first-created” (protoktistos). The Greek term carries the connotation of preeminence, not origin in time. Paul is using a Jewish idiom (cf. Psalm 89:27) where “firstborn” means status of honor:
“I will make him the firstborn, the highest of the kings of the earth.” (Ps 89:27)
Paul immediately explains in Col 1:16:
“For in Him all things were created…”
How can the Son be a creature if all things were created through Him? He is called ‘firstborn’ not because He is a creature, but because He is the preeminent one over creatures. The genitive construction is not partitive (“firstborn of creation” as one among others), but relational or even superlative (“firstborn over all creation”). As D.B. Wallace and others show, this is a genitive of subordination, not inclusion.
The Greek word arche in Revelation 3:14 does not mean “first in time” here but principle, source, or origin—just as in John 1:1 (“In the beginning…”). Christ is the arche of creation because He is the uncreated Logos through whom all things were made, not the first product of creation. Jesus is called the beginning (arche) in the sense that He is the originating principle, not part of the creation. The word archē in Johannine usage often denotes source or ruler (cf. John 1:1; Rev. 21:6). In Revelation, Christ also calls Himself “the Alpha and the Omega” and “the Beginning and the End” (Rev 22:13), expressions of eternity and authority, not created status. Church Fathers like Athanasius, Augustine, and Gregory of Nyssa uniformly read this as referring to Christ as the originator, not as a creature. In fact, if Jesus were merely the first thing created, the phrase “of God’s creation” would be redundant. But calling Him the “archē” emphasizes that through Him creation began.
John 1:1a asserts the eternity of the Word, not His creation. The Greek does not say “from the beginning came to be the Word,” but rather “ēn ho Logos”—the Word was—implying timeless existence. It uses the imperfect tense of to be (ēn), denoting continual, ongoing existence. Meanwhile, in John 1:3, panta di’autou egeneto (“all things were made through him”) confirms that the Logos is not part of the “all things” that came into being. If the Word existed before creation and was the instrument through which all things were created, then He Himself is uncreated. This is reinforced by the deliberate contrast in Greek between ēn (He “was”) and egeneto (things “came into being”).
1 Corinthians 11:3 does not imply inequality of nature, but order of relation. Christ is eternally from the Father (ex Patre), not in rank or value, but in origin. Just as in the Trinity, the Son proceeds from the Father without inequality. Subordination according to origin does not imply inequality of essence. The same passage says “man is the head of woman.” Does that imply women are ontologically inferior? No. It refers to a relational ordering, not a difference in dignity or essence.
John 6:57 refers to the eternal generation of the Son: the Son receives His being from the Father—not temporally, but eternally. In scholastic terms, He proceeds by eternal intellectual generation, not by will or creation (ST I, q.27, a.2). Thus, the Son’s life from the Father affirms divine unity, not subordinationism. The Son is consubstantial (homoousios) with the Father. One being, three persons. This verse actually affirms the divine nature of the Son. The Father grants the Son to have “life in Himself”—a uniquely divine attribute, since only God has self-existent life (aseity). The phrase refers to the eternal generation of the Son, not a created origin. The Son does not derive life in time, but eternally receives it from the Father as His eternal source in the Trinity. This is about relation, not chronology. St. Athanasius famously explained that this granting of life is not an act of creation, but a theological affirmation of the Son’s eternal generation and divine consubstantiality.
The idea that these verses are “odd language” if Christ is not created presumes a modern, literalist lens and fails to appreciate the linguistic, cultural, and theological contexts in which the biblical authors wrote. The Fathers of the Church, many of whom were native Greek speakers, uniformly interpreted these passages in light of Christ’s eternal generation, not His creation. The eternal Son is begotten, not made (γεννηθέντα, οὐ ποιηθέντα), as the Nicene Creed affirms. The “odd language” only seems problematic when one presupposes a unitarian metaphysic foreign to the New Testament witness.
Why then do “ordinary Christians” (?) think Jesus was "created"? Because orthodox doctrine is deep, mysterious, and demands both faith and theological formation. The early heresies—especially Arianism—were attractive because they were simpler and more humanly intuitive. But as Chesterton quipped, “The Church is a living teacher, not a dead leaf blown about by the winds of opinion.”
You rightly affirm that God does not need creation. But if God is love by nature (1 John 4:8), and love by definition implies a beloved, then either God was not love before creation, or God is eternally love within Himself = Trinity. This is not strained philosophy, but the only coherent account that avoids:
- Temporality in God (change from not-loving to loving),
- Contingency in God’s perfection (love dependent on creation),
- Denial of God’s essential relation and communication.
As Augustine said:
“There is the Lover, the Beloved, and the Love.” (De Trinitate)
Only a Trinity makes sense of the eternal love of God within Himself, apart from creation. Creation is not the cause of God’s love, but the overflow of it.
To sum up, the Nicene faith is not an “innovation” but the faith once delivered to the saints (Jude 1:3), clarified under pressure from heresy. To affirm:
- God is immutable (Mal 3:6),
- God is love (1 Jn 4:8),
- Christ is God (John 1:1, 20:28),
- The Spirit is personal and divine (Acts 5:3–4),
is to affirm what only Trinitarian theology can coherently hold together. To deny the Trinity is to make God either changeable, needy, or loveless. None of these are acceptable for the God of Abraham, of Scripture, or of reason.
“It is impossible to believe explicitly in the mystery of Christ without faith in the Trinity.”
– ST II-II, q.2, a.8
The Trinity is not a burden on Christian theology—it is its crown.
187
Insight Book LIES - then tells the TRUTH!
by BoogerMan in
1. watchtower
2. bible
it-1 p. 493 communication - "when the circumcision issue was resolved by the governing body in jerusalem......".

it-1 p. 881 galatians, letter to the - "by reason of a revelation, paul, with barnabas and titus, went to jerusalem regarding the circumcision issue; he learned nothing new from james, peter, and john, but they recognized that he had been empowered for an apostleship to the nations.

" (galatians 2:1-10).
aqwsed12345
Here is a detailed and thorough refutation of the arguments presented by "scholar" for the 607 BCE chronology, demonstrating why the arguments fail historically, biblically, and logically:

Detailed Refutation of the JW Arguments for 607 BCE
1. Alleged Lack of Scholarly Consensus and the 609 BCE Starting Point
"Did you know scholars also date the 70 years from 605 BCE, not 609 BCE? There is no consensus."
It is misleading to argue a lack of consensus to justify 607 BCE. Scholars differ between 609 BCE (final Assyrian defeat at Harran) and 605 BCE (Babylonian victory at Carchemish) as the start of Babylon's 70-year period of supremacy precisely because both dates have historical significance. However, no credible scholars propose 607 BCE for Jerusalem's destruction. All reputable secular historians agree on 586/587 BCE. The uncertainty over 609 vs. 605 BCE does not support 607 BCE, as the JW argument incorrectly assumes.
The scholarly dispute concerns when Babylon's dominance began, not when Jerusalem was destroyed, which is securely dated to 586/587 BCE by overwhelming historical and archaeological evidence.

2. Interpretation of Jeremiah 25:11 and Babylon’s Supremacy
"Jer. 25:11 does not emphasize Babylon's supremacy, only Judah’s servitude and desolation for exactly 70 years."
The text of Jeremiah 25:11 explicitly states:
"This whole land shall become a ruin and a waste, and these nations shall serve the king of Babylon seventy years."
The context clearly indicates a period of regional Babylonian dominance, not exclusively a 70-year desolation or exile of Judah. Notice the explicit mention of "these nations" (plural), which includes Judah but is not limited to it. Thus, Jeremiah's 70 years encompass Babylon’s political and military dominance, aligning historically from approximately 609 BCE (or 605 BCE) to Babylon’s fall in 539 BCE.
Jeremiah 29:10 supports this: the 70 years conclude when Babylon's rule ends, allowing Judah’s return—not after the return itself (537 BCE), but upon Babylon’s fall (539 BCE). Ezra and Daniel also understood the 70 years in terms of Babylon's dominance ending with its fall, not two years afterward.

3. Misinterpretation of Jeremiah 25:12 and the Timing of Babylon’s Judgment
"Jeremiah 25:12 clearly states judgment against Babylon commenced only after the 70 years ended, thus it cannot be 539 BCE but must be 537 BCE."
This interpretation misreads the sequence of events. Jeremiah 25:12 says explicitly:
"Then after seventy years are completed, I will punish the king of Babylon."
Historically, Babylon was punished exactly at its fall in 539 BCE by Cyrus the Great, as confirmed by numerous historical records. There is no delay or "two-year gap" in Scripture or history. Babylon lost sovereignty precisely at its conquest in 539 BCE, directly fulfilling Jeremiah's prophecy. The JW assertion that Babylon’s punishment must begin in 537 BCE is entirely artificial, unsupported historically and biblically.

4. Alleged Historical, Archaeological, and Astronomical Support for 607 BCE
"Historically and theologically, 607 BCE is the only possible date. Josephus, archaeology, and astronomy confirm this."
Refutation:
- Josephus: Josephus explicitly confirms Jerusalem’s destruction occurred in Nebuchadnezzar’s 18th regnal year, corresponding historically to 586/587 BCE. Josephus never supports 607 BCE. JW misuse of Josephus selectively distorts his clear statements (e.g., Antiquities X.7.1).
- Archaeology: Extensive archaeological excavations in Jerusalem universally confirm the destruction layers dating precisely to 586/587 BCE. No archaeological evidence supports 607 BCE.
- Astronomy: Astronomical diary VAT 4956 precisely confirms Nebuchadnezzar’s 37th year as 568/567 BCE, proving the destruction of Jerusalem occurred in 586/587 BCE (his 18th year). The JW attempts to redate VAT 4956 to 588 BCE are incorrect and discredited by independent astronomers.
5. Nebuchadnezzar’s Seven-Year Madness and Chronological Gap
"Nebuchadnezzar’s seven-year madness creates a chronological gap."
Nebuchadnezzar's seven-year illness in Daniel 4 is nowhere described as creating a gap in Babylonian history. Babylonian administrative texts from this period show continuous governance, clearly disproving any interruption in Nebuchadnezzar’s reign. The JW insertion of a seven-year gap is a completely unsubstantiated and artificial attempt to justify their chronological misalignment.

6. Misrepresentation of Carl Olof Jonsson’s (COJ) Work
"COJ barely mentions the 70-year exile, ignoring its reality."
Carl Olof Jonsson extensively discusses the 70-year period, analyzing all relevant biblical texts (Jeremiah 25, 29, Daniel 9, Ezra 1, 2 Chronicles 36). He convincingly demonstrates that the 70 years were Babylon’s dominance, not Judah’s specific exile. The JW assertions grossly misrepresent Jonsson’s thorough and careful scholarship.

7. Claims of 607–537 BCE Exile and Return
"607–537 BCE perfectly fits the exile and return dates."
The biblical and historical record explicitly refutes this claim. Cyrus issued his decree to release the Jews in 538 BCE, historically attested by the Cyrus Cylinder. Most scholars agree the actual return occurred by 537 BCE. Counting back exactly 70 years aligns with Babylon’s dominance (609/605–539 BCE), not 607 BCE. The JW timeline artificially compresses historical events and misdates key events, such as Nebuchadnezzar's reign, contrary to overwhelming external evidence.

8. Jeremiah 52:28-30 – Further Deportations After 607 BCE
"Jeremiah 52:30 mentions a deportation in Nebuchadnezzar’s 23rd year (602 BCE), showing the land wasn't desolate since 607 BCE."
This inadvertently disproves the JWs' own claim. Jeremiah 52 clearly refers to deportations after the initial 597 BCE exile. If Jerusalem had been destroyed and made completely desolate in 607 BCE, no further deportations could have occurred years later. This passage instead confirms the multiple-stage exile and contradicts a singular 607 BCE destruction.

9. Alleged "Interpolation" of the 609 BCE Date in Babylonian Chronicles
"The Babylonian Chronicle BM 21901 doesn't contain 609 BCE; this is a scholarly interpolation."
This claim shows misunderstanding or misrepresentation. The Babylonian Chronicles (especially ABC3 and ABC4) clearly document Nabopolassar’s decisive victory over Assyria at Harran (609 BCE), firmly establishing this date historically. No interpolation is involved; rather, clear Babylonian historical records support this date explicitly.

10. Calculating the "Gentile Times" and the "2520 Years"
"The Gentile Times calculation using 360-day prophetic years (7x360=2520) proves the 607–1914 chronology."
The JW "Gentile Times" prophecy depends entirely on 607 BCE, which has been comprehensively disproven historically, astronomically, archaeologically, and biblically. Even accepting symbolic "prophetic years," the foundational 607 BCE date is factually invalid. Without 607 BCE, the entire 1914 prophetic calculation collapses.

Conclusion
The JW argument for a 607 BCE date for Jerusalem’s destruction fails at every level of scrutiny:
- It misreads Jeremiah’s prophecy.
- It contradicts explicit historical and astronomical evidence.
- It distorts scholarly research and misrepresents reputable historians.
- It artificially inserts chronological gaps without evidence.
- It selectively quotes and misrepresents historical sources like Josephus and Babylonian Chronicles.
The scholarly consensus—backed by a convergence of biblical, historical, archaeological, and astronomical evidence—is clear: Jerusalem fell in 586/587 BCE, and Babylonian supremacy (the 70 years) lasted from approximately 609 BCE to 539 BCE.
196
The point of existence and how it refutes the Trinity
by slimboyfat in
1. watchtower
2. beliefs
rowan williams, the former archbishop of canterbury gave an interesting answer to the somewhat stark question, what’s the point of us existing?

as a christian, my starting point is that we exist because the most fundamental form of activity, energy, call it what you like, that is there, is love.

that is, it’s a willingness that the other should be.
aqwsed12345
Actually, the Trinity perfectly grounds the act of creation in love. Your objection misconstrues the doctrine of the Trinity, particularly its relation to love, will, and freedom. Rat her than undermining God's loving choice to create, the Trinity provides the metaphysical basis that makes the act of creation an expression of love in the first place. To claim that because God exists eternally as a Trinity, creation is not a free act of love, is to misunderstand the relationship between divine necessity and divine freedom.
God is absolutely simple and free (Summa Theologiae I, q.19, a.3). Nothing outside God necessitates His action. While the divine persons are eternally and necessarily who they are in relation to each other (Father, Son, Spirit), God’s act of creation is not necessary, but contingent and free. The Trinity does not impel God to create the world. God creates not out of compulsion but out of the fullness of His being. As Aquinas writes: “The love of God is the cause of the goodness of things” (ST I, q.20, a.2). God's triune being—eternal communion of love—is precisely why creation can be an act of love. In other words: God’s inner Trinitarian life is the eternal actuality of love, and creation is an overflow of that love—not a necessity imposed by it.
Rowan Williams says: “The world exists because God desires that there be an other.” This is profoundly true. But this truth is only possible in a God who already knows what “otherness in unity” means. And this is precisely what the Trinity offers. The Father is not the Son; the Son is not the Spirit—yet they are one in essence. God is not monadic solitude, but unity-in-communion. If God were absolutely solitary (as in strict unitarianism), then love would not be essential to His nature, but something realized only after creating another. That would make love contingent. In contrast, the Trinity teaches that God is eternally love (1 John 4:8) because He is eternally relational in Himself. Augustine, echoing Scripture, says: “There is the Lover (Father), the Beloved (Son), and Love Itself (Spirit).” Thus, the Trinity does not hinder God's ability to create as an act of love—it is the very reason He is capable of loving at all.
The claim assumes that if God's love is eternal within the Trinity, then the act of sharing existence with creatures is not truly "loving." But this is a false dichotomy. Creation is a gratuitous participation in God’s goodness (ST I, q.44, a.4). God does not need to create in order to be loving. Rather, creation is a free expression of the eternal Love that already exists within God. The Son and the Spirit are not "creatures" brought into being out of loneliness. They are eternally generated, consubstantial persons of the Godhead. Creatures, unlike the Son, are created ex nihilo. That difference makes all the difference. God’s love in creating is not about fulfilling a lack, but about sharing the fullness of being, gratuitously.
Let us test your claim against its own logic. If God were unipersonal (as in strict unitarian theologies), then before creation, God could not love another in a real, personal sense. Thus, love would not be an eternal attribute of God, but something contingent—dependent on creation. This contradicts 1 John 4:8: “God is love.” A God who requires creation in order to be loving is a dependent being—not the God of classical theism. Only a Trinitarian God can be said to be essentially and eternally love, which is the very foundation upon which creation as an act of love makes sense.
Your response raises profound theological considerations about God’s self-sufficiency, creation, and love. However, your conclusion—that divine love and the Trinity are incompatible or unnecessary—overlooks a critical theological truth: God’s love is eternal and must therefore be interpersonal from all eternity, not something contingent upon creation. Let me respond in detail to the key points you raised.
Yes, “God is sufficient in himself”, Trinitarians wholeheartedly agree — and that’s precisely why the Trinity is necessary. If God is truly self-sufficient (aseity), and yet God is love (1 John 4:8), then love must be intrinsic to God’s being. But genuine love always implies a beloved and a loving relationship. If God is love and yet eternally alone (as in unitarian theology), then love becomes contingent, dependent on the creation of others. That would mean God changed — from a non-loving being into a loving being — which contradicts divine immutability (Malachi 3:6, James 1:17). Only a Triune God can be truly self-sufficient and eternally loving. In the Trinity:
- The Father loves the Son (John 17:24),
- The Son reciprocates this love (John 14:31),
- The Spirit is often described by the Church Fathers as the bond of love (cf. Augustine, De Trinitate).
Therefore, God's love does not begin with creation; it is eternal and internal to His very being. Love isn't just something God does — it's who He is.
You wrote: “God doesn’t require another, but chooses to create others as an expression of love.” Again, true. But if God were not tri-personal, then prior to creation, He would have no object of love. That means love would not be eternal — it would only come into expression after the creation of the first “other.” So, either God did not love until He created something else (denying 1 John 4:8), or love is not essential to God’s nature (denying God’s immutability and fullness), or God has always been a community of love — the Trinity. The third is the only consistent answer.
“Before” does not apply to God — He is outside of time, this is correct. But this further strengthens the Trinitarian view. If God is timeless, then everything essential to God exists eternally and simultaneously. That includes God's love. So unless God exists eternally in relationship, love is not eternally real — or else we are forced to say God was incomplete without creation. This is not just philosophical speculation. In John 17:5, Jesus says:
“And now, Father, glorify me in your presence with the glory I had with you before the world existed.”
Here Jesus speaks of eternal communion with the Father. Not as a creature, but as the pre-existent Son.
Rowan Williams is indeed a thoughtful scholar, and his book Arius: Heresy and Tradition is widely respected. But it's important to note that Williams’ fairness toward Arius is not an endorsement of Arianism. In fact, Williams ultimately argues that Arianism failed because it could not explain the soteriological implications of the Incarnation. If Christ is not truly God, he cannot unite humanity with God (cf. Athanasius, De Incarnatione). Arius’ subordinationist Christ may be a noble creature, but he is not capable of saving. That’s why the Nicene Creed rejected Arianism and affirmed that Christ is “God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten not made, consubstantial with the Father.” The early Church understood that a merely created Christ could not save us or mediate divine life. Only one who shares in the same essence with the Father can reconcile us to God.
If God is a solitary monad, then love and relationship are not essential to His being. If God is a Triune communion, then love, relationship, and mutual self-giving are eternal realities. We are made in God's image. We are personal, relational, loving beings. That is not a bug, but a feature — a reflection of our Creator. In the end, the Trinity is not a “complication.” It is the only explanation that preserves:
- God’s self-sufficiency,
- God’s unchanging nature,
- God’s eternal love,
- God’s ability to truly save.
To deny the Trinity is not to make God simpler — it's to make Him less.
You’re right: “God is not an additional thing in the universe that requires explanation. He is the explanation.” And the clearest expression of who He is comes in the person of Jesus Christ — the eternal Word made flesh, who reveals the Father and sends the Spirit (John 14:26; John 15:26). That is the Triune God: not a philosophical abstraction, but the living God who loves eternally and acts in history to save. “This is eternal life: that they may know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent” (John 17:3) — not in opposition, but in perfect communion.
The claim that “God’s first act of love was to create his firstborn son” is a return to the old Arian heresy. But Scripture and tradition deny that the Son was created:
- John 1:1 — “In the beginning was the Word… and the Word was God.”
- Colossians 1:15 — The “Firstborn of all creation” means “preeminent,” not first-created (cf. Psalm 89:27; Romans 8:29).
- The Nicene Creed: “Begotten, not made, consubstantial with the Father.”
- Thomas Aquinas: “The generation of the Word is eternal… The Son is co-eternal and co-equal with the Father” (ST I, q.42, a.2).
Thus, the Son is not created, but eternally begotten, and creation is not the beginning of God’s love—it is its overflow.
Rather than refuting the Trinity, the desire to understand creation as an act of love actually depends on a Trinitarian framework:
- Only if God is eternally a communion of persons can love be an eternal attribute of His nature.
- Only if creation is unnecessary can it be truly free and loving.
- Only in the Trinity do we find unity without solitude, and diversity without division—the very conditions for love and freedom.
As C.S. Lewis once noted: “All sorts of people are fond of repeating the Christian statement that ‘God is love.’ But they seem not to notice that the words ‘God is love’ have no real meaning unless God contains at least two Persons.”
To affirm that creation is an act of love is to implicitly affirm the Trinity, even if unknowingly.
187
Insight Book LIES - then tells the TRUTH!
by BoogerMan in
1. watchtower
2. bible
it-1 p. 493 communication - "when the circumcision issue was resolved by the governing body in jerusalem......".

it-1 p. 881 galatians, letter to the - "by reason of a revelation, paul, with barnabas and titus, went to jerusalem regarding the circumcision issue; he learned nothing new from james, peter, and john, but they recognized that he had been empowered for an apostleship to the nations.

" (galatians 2:1-10).
aqwsed12345

The Jerusalem Book
187
Insight Book LIES - then tells the TRUTH!
by BoogerMan in
1. watchtower
2. bible
it-1 p. 493 communication - "when the circumcision issue was resolved by the governing body in jerusalem......".

it-1 p. 881 galatians, letter to the - "by reason of a revelation, paul, with barnabas and titus, went to jerusalem regarding the circumcision issue; he learned nothing new from james, peter, and john, but they recognized that he had been empowered for an apostleship to the nations.

" (galatians 2:1-10).
aqwsed12345

JW claim:
"Jeremiah 25:11-12 does not merely represent Babylon’s domination but explicitly indicates a literal 70-year exile and desolation period, starting in 607 BCE and ending in 537 BCE."
Refutation: This JW argument misconstrues the explicit wording and context of Jeremiah 25:11-12. The verses explicitly state that Judah and surrounding nations would "serve the king of Babylon seventy years." This passage clearly emphasizes Babylon’s supremacy—not the duration of Judah’s exile or desolation explicitly. Jeremiah never states explicitly that the land would remain completely desolate for exactly 70 years. This is an interpretative leap made by the JW organization. Historically, the period of Babylonian supremacy fits exactly 70 years from 609 BCE (Babylon defeats Assyria decisively at Harran) to 539 BCE (the fall of Babylon to Cyrus). Thus, their argument of a fixed 70-year desolation is not scriptural but interpretative.

JW claim:
"The WT 1981 article (August 1, p. 27) was misapplied by critics, as it refers to Habakkuk’s prophecy, not Jeremiah 25."
Refutation: The Watchtower often intermixes Jeremiah 25 and Habakkuk when discussing Babylon’s judgment. However, Jeremiah 25:12 explicitly links the judgment of Babylon with the end of the 70 years. The JWs themselves teach the 70 years ended in 537 BCE, yet Babylon’s fall (539 BCE) is universally acknowledged historically and biblically as the judgment event that ends Babylon’s supremacy. Thus, the JW position artificially separates the judgment of Babylon (539 BCE) from the end of the 70 years (537 BCE) to fit their timeline, which creates a two-year contradiction in the prophetic logic of Jeremiah 25:12.

JW claim:
"Jeremiah’s prophecy of 70 years pertains exclusively to Judah’s desolation and exile, and Babylon was only the instrument."
Refutation: Jeremiah 25:11 explicitly includes "these nations" (plural) serving Babylon, clearly showing Judah was not the sole focus. The JW interpretation ignores Jeremiah’s broader international context. The prophecy, in reality, concerns a period of regional Babylonian supremacy affecting Judah among other nations. Thus, the JW claim that the prophecy applies exclusively to Judah contradicts Jeremiah’s clear wording.

JW claim:
"The 70-year exile can only begin with Jerusalem’s destruction (607 BCE) and end with Cyrus’s decree (537 BCE)."
Refutation: Historically, 607 BCE is an entirely untenable date, as it contradicts all archaeological, historical, and astronomical records. The 70-year period was of Babylon’s supremacy (609-539 BCE), not of a literal exile and desolation. Moreover, Cyrus conquered Babylon in 539 BCE and issued his decree shortly thereafter (538 BCE), not in 537 BCE. This date (537 BCE) is a JW invention with no historical support.

JW claim:
"The judgment on Babylon in Jeremiah 25:12 began after the 70 years ended, so it must be post-537 BCE."
Refutation: This claim is chronologically and logically impossible, as Jeremiah explicitly states judgment on Babylon occurs immediately at the end of the 70 years. Babylon historically fell in 539 BCE, thus marking the end of Babylon’s supremacy. If the 70 years truly ended in 537 BCE, Jehovah would have prematurely judged Babylon two years before the prophecy ended—a contradiction. Therefore, the JW interpretation violates the direct chronological sequence of Jeremiah.

JW claim:
"Daniel’s viewpoint considers Babylon’s dominion beginning with Jerusalem’s destruction (607 BCE)."
Refutation: Daniel explicitly begins his dating of events from Nebuchadnezzar’s first arrival in Jerusalem (Dan. 1:1), which historically occurred in 605 BCE. Daniel nowhere asserts a 607 BCE date. Babylon’s role as a "world power" did not begin with Jerusalem’s fall but earlier when Nebuchadnezzar defeated Egypt at Carchemish in 605 BCE (Jeremiah 46:2).

JW claim:
"Nebuchadnezzar ruled 624-581 BCE; secular dates (605-562 BCE) rely on secular (Ptolemy’s) records, not the Bible."
Refutation: This JW chronology contradicts countless Babylonian astronomical diaries, economic tablets, royal inscriptions, and independent Egyptian and Persian records. Even the Bible aligns precisely with secular records: Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem in his 18th year (Jer. 52:12-13), aligning with 586/587 BCE. The JW proposal (624-581 BCE) would require ignoring extensive historical documentation.

JW claim:
"Daniel mentions a 7-year absence of Nebuchadnezzar from his throne, unaccounted for by secular scholars, thus invalidating standard Babylonian chronology."
Refutation: The seven-year period described in Daniel 4 (Nebuchadnezzar’s madness) does not create a chronological gap. Babylonian administrative texts show continuity throughout Nebuchadnezzar’s reign without interruption. Daniel's text does not state Nebuchadnezzar lost his throne literally; rather, it indicates temporary incapacity. This event caused no chronological gap. The JW insertion of a seven-year gap contradicts well-attested historical records.

JW claim:
"Josephus and Ezra support the 70-year exile from 607 to 537 BCE."
Refutation: Josephus explicitly confirms Jerusalem’s destruction occurred in the 18th year of Nebuchadnezzar’s reign, aligning precisely with secular records (586/587 BCE). Ezra, likewise, makes no explicit mention of a 607 BCE date. He refers to Cyrus’s decree in his first year (538 BCE), historically verified by Persian records. JWs misread these sources to uphold their chronology artificially.

JW claim:
"Secular chronology leaves no room for the biblical 70-year exile."
Refutation: The opposite is true: Secular chronology fully aligns with the biblical 70-year prophecy if understood correctly as Babylon’s dominance. The 70 years precisely fit secular historical records: 609 BCE (Babylon defeats Assyria decisively) to 539 BCE (Babylon’s fall). No chronological gap is required. The JW view artificially inserts gaps and ignores well-attested historical records.

JW claim:
"Critics (such as Carl Olof Jonsson) neglect the Jewish Exile, which invalidates their chronology."
Refutation: Carl Olof Jonsson’s work extensively documents the exile, but he correctly shows the Bible never explicitly teaches a literal 70-year exile period. It explicitly mentions Babylonian supremacy for 70 years, confirmed historically. The JW assertion that critics neglect the exile is incorrect and misleading.

JW claim:
"586/587 BCE dates for Jerusalem’s destruction are bogus and uncertain among scholars."
Refutation: Contrary to JW assertions, scholars universally accept 586 or 587 BCE based on overwhelming evidence (Babylonian Chronicles, VAT 4956, economic records). The uncertainty between 586/587 is minor, representing a few months, not decades. No credible scholar proposes 607 BCE as even remotely plausible.

JW claim:
"Jeremiah describes explicitly a 70-year exile starting with Jerusalem’s destruction."
Refutation: Jeremiah never explicitly states a literal 70-year exile beginning precisely at Jerusalem’s destruction. He explicitly identifies the 70-year period as Babylonian supremacy (Jer. 25:11). The JW position misreads Jeremiah by conflating the exile, servitude, and desolation into one literal 70-year event beginning at 607 BCE.

Conclusion:
Every single JW argument provided here relies on artificial reinterpretation, selective citation, and outright denial of established historical facts. Their date of 607 BCE is unsupportable historically, astronomically, archaeologically, and biblically. The proper biblical and historical reading of Jeremiah’s 70-year prophecy aligns perfectly with secular chronology (609-539 BCE), confirming the conventional date (586/587 BCE) for Jerusalem’s destruction as accurate.
10
The Apostles Creed vs. Watchtower
by Sea Breeze in
1. watchtower
2. beliefs
the apostles creed could be recited in less than a minute in latin.

it was like an ancient youtube video clip: christianity in less than a minute.

it is very ancient, reaching back to the 200's.
aqwsed12345

@slimboyfat
While JWs may have referred to Jesus as “our Lord” in a limited sense, their theology fundamentally denies the full implications of Christ’s lordship. In Scripture, the title Kyrios (Lord) is used in a divine sense, especially when applied to Jesus (e.g., Philippians 2:9-11, Romans 10:9-13). The early Christians, drawing from the Septuagint, applied Kyrios—the term used for Yahweh—to Jesus, indicating His divine nature. JWs, by contrast, reduce this title to mean a mere exalted role for Jesus as a created being, which is far from the early Church’s understanding of the term. The Catholic Church, in line with the Church Fathers, affirms that Jesus’ Lordship is not secondary or derivative but fully divine.
The claim that Jehovah’s Witnesses use the phrase “God the Father” is technically true, but misleading in how it’s presented. The distinction made between “God the Father” and “God the Son” is not arbitrary but reflects the biblical and traditional understanding of the relationship within the Trinity. The phrase “God the Son” may not appear verbatim in Scripture, but the concept is undeniably present. John 1:1 explicitly calls the Word (who is identified as Christ in John 1:14) Theos, and Jesus is repeatedly identified as divine (John 20:28, Colossians 2:9, Philippians 2:6). The early Church formulated the term “God the Son” to reflect the truth that the Son is fully divine yet distinct in personhood from the Father. The Jehovah’s Witness argument that 1 Corinthians 8:6 equates the Father alone with “one God” is an oversimplification. This passage mirrors the language of the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4), but Paul integrates Jesus into the divine identity by pairing Him with the Father as the “one Lord,” drawing directly from Old Testament references to Yahweh. This does not exclude Jesus from being God; rather, it affirms His role within the divine unity.
Christ’s descent into Hades as an active proclamation of victory over death and His liberation of the righteous souls (1 Peter 3:19, 1 Peter 4:6). JWs, by contrast, hold an annihilationist view, rejecting the traditional understanding of the intermediate state of the dead. Their belief that Jesus was simply unconscious in nonexistence for three days is irreconcilable with the Christian doctrine that Jesus, as the God-man, was conscious and active even in death. This again highlights their misunderstanding of Christ’s divine nature.
The Apostles’ Creed affirms the bodily resurrection of Jesus and believers, yet Jehovah’s Witnesses reject the physical resurrection of Christ, teaching instead that He was recreated as a spirit creature—an idea entirely foreign to Christian tradition. Likewise, their denial of the communion of saints, their refusal to acknowledge a universal (catholic) Church beyond their own organization, and their rejection of the Holy Spirit as a divine person all place them in direct opposition to historic Christianity.
Finally, the claim that the Creed lacks any reference to the Trinity because the doctrine had not yet been “invented” is historically inaccurate and theologically naïve. The Apostles’ Creed reflects an early baptismal formula that implicitly supports Trinitarian belief. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are all affirmed, reflecting Matthew 28:19’s Trinitarian baptismal command. The formulation of the Nicene Creed in 325 AD was not the “invention” of the Trinity but a precise articulation of what the Church had always believed, in response to heretical distortions. The early Church Fathers—long before Nicaea—testified to Trinitarian belief. Ignatius of Antioch (c. 107 AD) calls Jesus "our God" (Letter to the Ephesians 7:2), and Tertullian (c. 200 AD) explicitly uses the term “Trinity.”
76
Rekindled Light — The Narrative Structure of the Hexaemeron (Genesis 1:1–31)
by Mebaqqer2 in
1. watchtower
2. bible
i used to comment here many years ago when i had an interest in biblical research in relation to jehovah’s witnesses.

these days my biblical research is little concerned with jehovah’s witnesses.

i feel my time is better spent researching the diachronistic development of the biblical text and ascertaining what the biblical writers and editors intended in the times in which they lived.. i have recently placed a summary diagram for a paper that i have written with original research entitled the narrative structure of the hexaemeron on academia.edu.
aqwsed12345
@Mebaqqer2
You argue that the Hexaemeron is primarily a literary construct designed to align with the cosmological symbolism of the Tabernacle and that theological concerns should not necessarily dictate its interpretation. However, from a Catholic standpoint, this approach is inadequate because it overlooks the primary function of the text as divine revelation. The structure of Genesis 1 does not exist in isolation but serves the fundamental purpose of revealing the divine act of creation. The inspired author was not merely recording an artistic arrangement but was transmitting the truth about the origins of the world in a form intelligible to the faithful. While structural analysis can certainly provide insight into the narrative’s organization, it cannot be used to redefine or limit its theological import.
You claim that the Sabbath account in Genesis 2:1–3 is thematically distinct from the six days of creation, marking a textual break. However, Catholic theology does not see this distinction as evidence of separate literary or theological intentions. Instead, the culmination of the six-day creation week with the Sabbath underscores the divine order and purpose in creation. The fact that the Sabbath is set apart does not imply a different source or intention but rather confirms the intrinsic relationship between creation and divine worship. As St. Thomas Aquinas and other Church Fathers have explained, the rest of God on the seventh day is not merely a cessation of activity but a divine model for human participation in God's order. The Sabbath’s sanctification in the Decalogue further reinforces this. This directly contradicts the assertion that its presence is a later thematic addition. Moreover, Catholic tradition does not rely on later rabbinical interpretations (such as those found in the Masoretic text’s use of pǝtûḥôt or Samaritan qiṣṣim) to determine the structure of divine revelation. The unity of Genesis 1:1–2:3 is not merely a function of literary arrangement but a theological necessity.
You suggest that my argument assumes an “a priori” integral unity of Scripture, potentially obscuring the distinct viewpoints of individual biblical authors. However, Catholic tradition does not approach Genesis as a mere collection of diverse authors with potentially conflicting views. Instead, Genesis, like all of Scripture, is inspired by the Holy Spirit and possesses a unified message that transcends human literary limitations. This is why the traditional view affirms both the literal-historical sense and the theological coherence of the text. St. Augustine, St. Basil, and St. Thomas Aquinas all acknowledged different layers of meaning in the text but never reduced Genesis to a purely literary construct. The unity of Scripture is not an imposed framework but a recognition of divine authorship. To suggest otherwise undermines the Catholic understanding of biblical inspiration. Additionally, while it is true that individual biblical authors had their own styles and immediate historical contexts, the Catholic perspective maintains that they were guided by divine inspiration, ensuring that their accounts were free from theological error and in harmony with the broader revelation.
You hint at the possibility that the Sabbath passage may be a later redactional addition but withholds final judgment. However, this approach reflects the problematic assumptions of higher criticism, which have been consistently cautioned against in Catholic biblical interpretation. Pope Leo XIII (Providentissimus Deus, 1893) and Pope Pius XII (Divino Afflante Spiritu, 1943) affirmed that while textual and historical criticism have their place, they must never be used to undermine the divine authority and unity of Scripture. The suggestion that the Sabbath commandment may be a later addition fails to account for its integral role in biblical theology, as seen in Exodus 20:8–11, where the six-day creation week is explicitly tied to the institution of the Sabbath. If the Sabbath narrative were merely a later addition, then this connection would lose its authoritative weight. Additionally, your hesitancy to affirm or reject the validity of these redaction theories suggests an underlying methodological issue: an unwillingness to commit to the integrity of the text as received by the Church. Catholic doctrine, however, maintains that the Scriptures, as preserved by the Church, are divinely inspired in their entirety.
The Catholic understanding of the Hexaemeron, which I have outlined in my original response, remains the most theologically coherent and exegetically sound interpretation. The vision theory (as espoused by St. Augustine and supported by St. Thomas Aquinas) is not merely an arbitrary construct but an attempt to reconcile the literal truth of Scripture with theological depth. The vision theory allows for:
1. The integrity of divine revelation – preserving the biblical teaching that creation occurred by divine fiat.
2. The recognition of different literary styles – acknowledging that Genesis 1 may represent a revelatory vision rather than a chronological diary.
3. Compatibility with theological tradition – aligning with the teaching of the Church Fathers and the authoritative magisterial statements on creation.
This approach avoids the pitfalls of both hyper-literalism (which reduces the Hexaemeron to a rigid scientific chronology) and higher criticism (which fragments the text into allegedly competing sources). The Catholic Church has never accepted the radical redaction theories that attempt to dissect Genesis into competing theological viewpoints.
You highlight a fundamental methodological difference: whereas Catholic exegesis starts from the premise that Scripture is divinely inspired and unified, you the text as a purely human composition subject to independent historical reconstruction. This approach is incompatible with Catholic teaching, which holds that:
- Scripture is inspired in its entirety (Vatican I, Dei Filius).
- Mosaic authorship of Genesis cannot be denied without contradicting the consistent tradition of the Church (Pope Leo XIII, Providentissimus Deus).
- The unity of the biblical message is essential to understanding its meaning (Pope Pius XII, Humani Generis).
Thus, while your structural analysis may have academic value, it cannot be allowed to override the Church’s theological framework. Any interpretation that dismisses the unity of divine revelation must be rejected.
25
Why the WATCHTOWER doesn't believe in the GREAT APOSTASY but you should!
by raymond frantz in
1. watchtower
2. bible
https://youtu.be/i4uttjj7eus?si=0b-fzpqm8axb_d3p.

in its latest april 2025 watchtower study article 17 and paragraph 12 the watchtower promotes 2 dangerous lies that will cost your life if you are a believing christian during the time of the end, so i'm considering today the first lie in the first part of the paragraph, but first let's read the paragraph itself: "today, jehovah promises to provide us with spiritual protection.

he will never allow satan to corrupt true worship.
aqwsed12345

Today, Jehovah promises to provide us with spiritual protection. He will never allow Satan to corrupt true worship. (John 17:15)
Interestingly, this claim aligns closely with the Catholic doctrine of the indefectibility of the Church, which asserts that the Church established by Christ will endure until the end of time, safeguarded by God from falling into total error or corruption. However, this raises an important question: if pure worship cannot be corrupted, how do groups like Jehovah’s Witnesses reconcile their claim of being the sole "true Church" with the notion that the original Church supposedly fell into a "Great Apostasy"?
Jehovah's Witnesses assert that after the death of the Apostle John, the first-century Christian Church quickly fell into apostasy, allowing "false Christianity" to dominate the world for approximately 1800 years until their movement restored "true worship" in the late 19th century. But if God permitted such a complete loss of true worship for nearly two millennia, how does this not contradict their own claim that God would never allow Satan to defile pure worship? Such an assertion implies that God either abandoned His Church or failed to protect it, which stands in stark contrast to their claim that He would never permit Satan to overcome it.
The Catholic doctrine of indefectibility, rooted in Christ's promises, provides a coherent and scriptural response to these questions. In Matthew 16:18, Christ states unequivocally, "And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock, I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not prevail against it." This promise affirms that the Church founded by Christ will never be overcome by the forces of evil. Similarly, in Matthew 28:20, Jesus promises, "And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age." These assurances confirm that the Church will remain intact, guided and protected by Christ Himself, until the end of time.
The Jehovah's Witnesses' narrative of a total apostasy undermines these divine promises. If, as they claim, the Church fell into complete corruption immediately after the apostolic age, then Christ’s words would seem empty, His promises unfulfilled, and His mission thwarted. Such a view inadvertently portrays God as incapable of preserving His Church against Satan’s influence, a conclusion that contradicts both Scripture and reason. Moreover, the idea that "false Christians" could erase "true worship" from history for 1800 years directly opposes their own teaching that God would not allow Satan to corrupt pure worship.
This inconsistency becomes even more apparent when we consider the practical implications of their claim. If true worship disappeared for nearly two millennia, how can Jehovah’s Witnesses be certain that their current teachings reflect the original message of Christ and the apostles? Without an unbroken continuity of doctrine and practice, there is no reliable means of verifying their claim to represent "pure worship." In contrast, the Catholic Church, through its unbroken apostolic succession and consistent teaching authority, provides an enduring witness to the truths handed down by Christ and His apostles.
Historically, the claim of a "Great Apostasy" is also deeply flawed. There is no evidence of a sudden and total collapse of the early Church, as Jehovah’s Witnesses suggest. Instead, the historical record demonstrates a continuous development and preservation of Christian doctrine and worship. The writings of the early Church Fathers, such as Ignatius of Antioch, Irenaeus, and Augustine, testify to the unbroken transmission of apostolic teaching and the visible unity of the Church. These early Christians wrote extensively about the sacraments, the role of bishops, and the authority of the Church—elements that Jehovah’s Witnesses dismiss as later corruptions but which are clearly rooted in the practices of the earliest Christian communities.
Furthermore, the concept of a "Great Apostasy" raises theological problems regarding God’s fidelity and justice. If God allowed the Church to fall into total error for centuries, what does this say about His promises and His care for humanity? Such a scenario implies that countless generations were deprived of access to true worship and salvation—a notion that is irreconcilable with the biblical portrayal of God as a loving and faithful shepherd who desires all people to come to the knowledge of the truth (1 Timothy 2:4).
In contrast, the Catholic understanding of indefectibility provides a theologically sound and historically consistent explanation. While the Church has faced internal scandals, external persecutions, and doctrinal challenges, these do not undermine its divine foundation or its role as the guardian of truth. Human sin and weakness have always been present within the Church, as evidenced by the behavior of some of its members throughout history. However, these failings do not invalidate the Church’s teaching authority or its mission. Just as the apostles were fallible men chosen to spread the Gospel, so too the Church is made up of imperfect individuals who rely on God’s grace to fulfill their vocation.
Check my comments here:
The Question of the "Great Apostasy" and the Historical Continuity of Christianity