air steward brian has walked off with the 70,000 big brother prize, after defeating rival helen by more than one and a half million votes.. in the telephone and interactive tv vote, brian took 4.23 million votes, to helen's 2.63 million.. just thought some of you might be interested![8>].
nic'.
http://communities.msn.co.uk/altjehovahswitnesses
Air steward Brian has walked off with the £70,000 Big Brother prize, after defeating rival Helen by more than one and a half million votes.
In the telephone and interactive TV vote, Brian took 4.23 million votes, to Helen's 2.63 million.
Just thought some of you might be interested![8>]
Nic'
which is better in your estimation?
hit the borg with a d.a.
letter or do the slow fade.
Hi Tina!
Copy and share the letter all you like!
And let me say a very belated 'thank you' for the good advice you gave me back in March - I hope you don't mind but I'd like to share it here for the benefit of our many 'lurker' friends......
Educate yourself on the dynamics of mind-control techniques. Once aware of the strategies used on you and your loved ones,it becomes less difficult to combat them....... re-create family structure and rituals,,,time that once was used for empty wts rituals can now be used to truly get to know one another ans share in worthwhile pursuits....... make an effort to learn about and rejoin your community...there are many good activities going on,many volunteer and charitable ones that do make a difference in the world around you......and most of all,,,education,education education.
Original thread...... http://www.jehovahs-witness.com/forum/thread.asp?id=3771&site=3
Nic'
which is better in your estimation?
hit the borg with a d.a.
letter or do the slow fade.
Great thread!
I've been doing the 'fade' for nearly two years and it just gets more and more difficult. I often find myself wanting to shake my friends by the shoulders and scream at them to WAKE UP!
Of course we all know that wouldn't really help anyone and once I calm down again I know that I'm doing the right thing (for me anyway) by just drifting into the distance.
I have too many people I care for and value to risk getting DF'd and so I'm preparing for the time when the issue will be forced (as it surely will be).
I prepared the following letter about a year ago hoping that I'd never need it, if anyone feels they'd like to add it to their defences then by all means copy and modify it to suit your circumstances.
However we choose to handle our personal circumstances we must be sure not to act in the heat of the moment - that's why this place is so helpful!
Talking things through and actually listening to many of the great guys and girls that have poured out so much encouragement and advice can only help to bring us to a more rounded decision.
When I shared my story here just four months ago I was astonished by the reaction. I made the point at that time that I had received more compassion in 24 hours on this board than I had received in 24 months from my elders.
For any of you reading this who are still 'active' but maybe have feelings of doubt, guilt or fear please, please speak up!
We are here to help you.
Nic'
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[begin letter]
TO: DATED:
OF:
Take note.
I am requesting that you personally and the elders from the XXXXXXXXXXXX Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses collectively, cease and desist from calling on me anymore.
I would like to make it clear that I am in no way disassociating myself from any congregation, office or organisation associated with Jehovah's Witnesses. I know that I have legal rights. I am fully aware of the possibility of illegalities occurring and wish to prevent them.
I have the right to not have mental suffering intentionally inflicted upon me. I have the right to privacy and not to have publicity of any kind given to private information about me. And I have the right to be free from unwarranted and untruthful attacks upon my character. If you infringe upon these rights, I may take legal action.
I will consider any attempt to convince by speeches, talks or teaching; to coerce by implied or actual threat of judicial action; or to encourage by private counsel or suggestion to any of Jehovah's Witnesses to treat me differently from any other person, to be a serious violation of my civil rights and I may initiate any legal action, civil or criminal that I or my solicitor deem appropriate.
This includes any attempt to convince by speeches, talks or teaching; to coerce by implied or actual threat of judicial action; or to encourage by private counsel or suggestion to any of Jehovah's Witnesses to shun, ‘mark' or avoid me, cease or otherwise modify their doing business with me, or modify in any way their behaviour towards me. I may consider any such to be an infringement upon my civil and human rights and may initiate appropriate legal action.
This request to cease and desist from harassment, stalking, slandering, and/or infringing on my rights includes any actions to be taken by any congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses and particularly the XXXXXXXXXXXX Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses it's individual elders or it's legal corporation, the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses or it's legal corporations, The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Inc., The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Great Britain., the International Bible Students Association, or any other agency not here named, including all or any agents or assignees against me.
You have been warned.
Mr/s Your Name
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quickly edited to remove information that may have identified me!
in the book "the nations shall know that i am jehovah" they prophecied the end to come in the "20th century".
there is also a page where they claim to be prophets but i cannot find it.
does anyone know what page this is on?
Hmmmmm.
Not sure about the 'Nations' book bluesapphire - I'll check it out.
However, the Jan' 1st 1989 Watchtower, page 12 made an almost identical point.
Just click the link below. (I couldn't get the image to appear here which is why this post is edited.)
. http://communities.msn.co.uk/altJehovahsWitnesses/sitephotos.msnw?action=ShowPhoto&PhotoID=25
Nic'
could anyone remind me where i can get old watchtowers online?
it was on the board recently, but i lost the link.
i'm trying to research the shunning policy.. thanks.
You should find what you're looking for here philo
. http://communities.msn.co.uk/altJehovahsWitnesses&naventryid=111
I've put some of the more important works all together on one page.
You will find:
[1] Russells six volume work - Studies in the Scriptures.
[2] Russells 'posthumous work' - The Finished Mystery.
[3] Tabernacle Shadows of the 'Better Sacrifices' (pdf)
[4] Pastor Russell's Sermons (pdf)
[5] The Photo Drama of Creation - complete!
[6] The entire set of Zion's Watch Tower from 1896 to the 1916!
[7] The current Elders Manual plus add-ons.
Hope that's of some use.
Nic'
the following report was sent to me anonymously.
it's huge!.
at over 30,000 words and 68 pages it's a lot to take in.
Thanks for keeping me informed guys.
So how about a closer look at this 'Branch Office Procedure' then?
This caught my eye:
13. PERSONAL DECISIONS: Often individuals in the congregations may ask the Society's opinion on matters that actually require personal decisions. They may ask what to do under certain circumstances involving neutrality, marriage, divorce, employment, etc. If the person does not know what to do from his own knowledge of the Bible, then it is wiser not to take the responsibility from him by telling him what to do. A person's conscience must be trained and we are not in a position to dictate to another person's conscience. Let the Bible do the talking and let each one prove to himself what he wants to do and what his faith is.—Gal. 6:4, 5
"But Brother, my conscience won't allow me to let my daughter die for the sake of a couple of pints of blood - why are you dictating what I should do"?
"Brother, I've listened to what the Bible has to say and it doesn't support much of the doctrine I grew up with. I've proven to myself what my faith is - that's a good thing isn't it?"
Let's get real, this document is just more mind control but this time for the 'higher ups'!
Nic'
the following report was sent to me anonymously.
it's huge!.
at over 30,000 words and 68 pages it's a lot to take in.
whew!
the following report was sent to me anonymously.
it's huge!.
at over 30,000 words and 68 pages it's a lot to take in.
[part 5]
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Chapter 25
Translating
1. The printed message of the Kingdom deserves the best expression and grammar. For the most part, articles or publications are originally written in the English language and then sent to branches to be translated. The translator should get the true spirit and understanding of the material and then make an accurate translation. You have noted the high quality of the language used in the Watchtower and Awake! magazines. A translation should be of the sarr,e high quality in grammar and in choice of words. Translations of the Society's publications should be understandable, easy to read, and, above all. convey the truth as it is expressed in the original English.
2. In each branch that handles translation work, the booklet Working Together in Unity should be read by every Branch Committee member and by every translator so that they understand the Society's policy and the relationship between :he writer and the translator and between the translator and the proofreader. The matter of good translation cannot be overstated, and it is essential that when a manuscript is released for composition the manuscript be perfect. Please make all changes in manuscript before it leaves the hands of the translator and proofreaders. The one who will later proofread proofs should also read all copy before release for composition. A proofreader has no right to change the translation. He may make suggestions to the translator, but the translator must decide whether to adopt or .ciect these suggested changes before the translation is released. Two translators usually do not have the same ideas about how to translate the sarre thing. Therefore, the assigned translator or, if necessary, the brothe- in charge of the department should mediate any major queries that need to be settled between translator and proofreader.
3. EXTRA COPY OF MANUSCRIPT: The translating branch should keep a copy of the manuscript sent to the composing branch. If you have proofread and corrected your manuscript, then your copy should be marked the same. When sending your manuscript, please put a note with it advising whether you have an exact copy.
4. HANDLING TRANSLATIONS: Usually in the annual letter from the Governing Body to the branches it is stated what books or other publications may be translated, and into what languages. If this approval is granted then a branch may go ahead with the translation, but if you do not get started on this for a year or more, please write the Writing Committee for approval. Similarly, before initiating the translation of any other publication, or of a magazine in a new language, you should first obtain approval. As you begin translation of any new publication, please send a letter to the Writing Committee with a copy to the Factory Committee and the composing branch, giving the name of the publication, the language, and the date when you expect to mail them the manuscript or photographic materials.
5. Generally, the translation of any book should be done by one person so that terms and expressions will be uniform; others should proofread it carefully. On a major project such as the Bible or the Aid book, more than, one translator may be used if you first get the approval of the Writing Committee. Before any translated copy is sent to the composing branch, it should be signed by the translator and a qualified member of the Branch Committee, or a capable brother designated by the Branch Committee, as having final approval.
6. TRACTS: Folders or tracts may be translated into any language after obtaining approval from the Writing Committee. However,. do not translate material that will be of no value to your country. The Branch Committee should be selective in recommending material that will be best suited for the territory. In new languages, you may wish to start out with a tract. Then you will see how your translator does. After that translate a 32-page booklet or brochure. If this is favorably received by the public then translate more booklets, brochures, and eventually magazines or books.
7. NEW WORLD TRANSLATION: The New World Translation of (he Holy Scriptures w ill not be translated into any language other than those approved and arranged for by the Writing Committee. If you do not have the New World Translation in your language your translator should have been instructed that when translating magazines or books he should translate the New World Translation scriptures quoted in the publications and keep a file of these particular scriptures in his language. In this way we will always be translating such scriptures the same way in the future. This file should be always handy to the translator. Eventually he will have made a translation of thousands of texts, and it will prove to be a convenience to the translator to copy the scripture from this file instead of always doing it anew. If duplicate files are kept for use by other translators, all of these should be kept up to date.
8. This is not to say that every scripture from the New World Translation appearing in the publications must be translated. If you have a good modern translation in the local language that brings out the general meaning just as well as the New World Translation, use it. However, if there is an advantage somehow in using the New World Translation, as when a particular point in question is brought out by the New World Translation, then it should be used, and the whole text should be translated as it appears in the publication. If just one word or phrase is inserted in the text from the New World Translation, then it should be placed in brackets [ ], and the New World Translation cited in italics as the source inside the brackets. For example: "The Lord [Jehovah, NW] is my shepherd."
9. TRANSLATING MATERIAL FOR THE WATCHTOWER AND AWAKE!: Many editions of The Watchtower and Awake! are now published simultaneously with the-English. As soon as approved copy for the English magazines is available, this is air-mailed to the translation branches that handle simultaneous publication. It is then up to these branches to translate, proofread, and send perfect copy or diskettes to the composing branches on schedule. Branches that are unable to share in simultaneous publication will have to stay far enough behind the English issues so that printing schedules can be met. But if your circumstances permit simultaneous publication and you have approval to do this, fine.
10. Please furnish the printing branch copy for all ads and announcements with the translation. This will keep your magazines up to date, as they should be, and it will avoid a last-minute rush of trying to get announcements in.
11. On the second page of The Watchtower and Awake! appears the average number of copies printed of that edition in all languages. This figure is usually updated with the first issue of each year, and you should match the latest figure in the English magazine. The translator and proofreader should be alert to keep this page up to date in all respects. including addresses and prices. Do not let it get out of date.
12. WHAT TO PRINT l~ THE WATCHTOWER AND AWAKE!: The Watchtower should always carry the study articles regardless of language or number of pages. Some magazines are of only sixteen pages and therefore you can print only the study articles plus some filler material. Furthermore, some Watchtower editions of sixteen pages in different languages are printed only once a month; so some study articles must be skipped. The Writing Committee sends out letters, usually in November and May each year, instructing which study articles are recommended for translating and publishing in monthly editions. Where The Watchtower is published twice a month, then, of course, the study articles will always be published. As to other material to put in selection should be made by the Branch Committee, not by the translators. Your preference should be for those Watchtower secondary articles that will be most beneficial in your field. If an announcement or other short item, in the English Watchtower or Awake! does not apply in your area, or if you need fillers, please make use of Yearbook experiences or items from the Aid book.
13. In the event that Awake! is published only monthly, or not at all in a language, you may select material from the English Awake! which you believe would be of benefit, substituting this in your Watchtower for secondary articles that may be less applicable to the people of your country. However, this should be done only in exceptional cases.-Generally the articles thus selected should be articles that are spiritually upbuilding, rather than those of a purely secular nature, so as to be in harmony with the general makeup of The Watchtower.
14. As to the Awake! magazine, selection of articles to be translated
should be made by the Branch Committee, or they at least should approve the selection before translation. Where we cannot publish all the material that appears in the English Watchtower or Awake!, then the best for the territory should be selected.
15. In foreign-language editions of Awake! the Branch Committee may wish to use a few local items for "Watching the World." However, due to the danger of publishing something that might cause problems in countries where that language edition will circulate, you should submit an English language translation of the item to the Writing Committee for approval, before publishing it. In place of "Watching the World" you may want to translate articles from Awake! that would otherwise be missed.
16. The two issues ofThe Watchtower that deal with the text for the coming year and the detailed report for the past service year should be published simultaneosly or as early as possible in foreign-language editions of The Watchtower.
17. SECONDARY AND FILLER MATERIAL: When translated material is sent to a printing branch sufficient copy should be sent in for the whole magazine, that is, enough copy to fill all the pages. Original copy should include all copy assoc ated with illustrations, charts or other items not part of the text, such as captions and illustrations. This permits completing the magazine, including any artwork, without delaying some items until second page proofs. It never hurts to have a surplus of copy, especially in the form of fillers, short items three to twenty lines long, because fillers can be used in a following issue i. here is a shortage of material.
18. Any translated material sent in for a particular edition should be marked for that issue. The Branch Committee should decide, too. what articles should go in ;. e magazines as filler material, and see to it that they are translated and that copy is all mailed at one time.
l9. TEXTUAL ADJUSTMENTS: Unless otherwise noted, adjustments listed on notices from Broo~lvn are intended to be made only on publications 5till in process at the traaslating branch for first printing. Any requests for permission to adjust a major translation error in a later printing should be addressed to the Writing Committee, describing the nature of tne error. Publisher's and b anch address pages and advertisements should be changed to reflect current information and availability in reprint quantities of 50,000 and up. Translating branches ordering reprints should submit film (or copy) for any advertisement adjustments and latest branch address listing with orders.
20. THE TRANSLATOR S RESPONSIBILITY: Serious responsibility rests upon a translator. He must see that what is published in the English Watchtower is translated clearly and exactly for a foreign-language edition. He is not the author. He should strive to convey precisely the ideas of the author. He has no liberty to insert his own ideas. If, because of lack of space or to keep type size readable, something must be taken out of an article, then
it is the responsibility of the Branch Committee to tell the translator what should be deleted. Harm may not be done by not saying something, but great harm can be done by someone's putting in his own ideas, especially if these are not in accord with the truth.
21. A translator does not have the privilege to summarize a paragraph and put it in his own words. The work of a translator is to get the exact thought of the author and set it out in another tongue. Therefore, a translator must be a trustworthy and faithful person in presenting what the author has stated. If any major changes are necessary, then it is best for the Branch Committee to get in touch with the Writing Committee. For the translator to present his ideas or summarize an article is just like his writing it. He is giving his interpretation of the ideas, not the whole expression. A translator is always to endeavor to give the exact thought content as expressed by the author.
22. The brother responsible for assigning articles for translation should have in mind the background and capabilities of the translators. Thus sisters may be the more capable in translating articles about the home, women s occupations, the beauties of creation and the like. Articles on the Christian congregation, duties of elders, teaching, counseling, field service, etc., could be better translated by brothers who are well acquainted with these fields, if capable brothers are available for such translation. However, there may be some articles that deal with Scriptural matters of a general nature that might be translated by either a brother or a sister.
23. In some branches, sisters do a great amount of the translation work. However, it is preferable where circumstances permit for a capable brother to read final translated copy, and the sisters should respect his judgment in the event he requests any changes that he believes may be necessary for accuracy of translation. In the event the translation of a passage presents a problem with regard to doctrine, policy or mode of expression, he may wish to consult with the Branch Committee to have the problem resolved. While we value the devoted work of our sisters on translation, the principle of headship requires that brothers must decide, after weighing the pros and cons on problems that may arise, and we believe the sisters will respect this divine arrangement.
24. TRANSLATION PROBLEMS: At times certain words and expressions appear in the English text that are difficult for people to understand in some other parts of the earth. For example, where "ice cream" is unknown, the translator may wish to recommend using some local delicacy that will delight the children. Similarly, there may be unfamiliar animals, flowers, plants, etc., that it would be better to change to something that will be understood locally. Hence, if the translator comes upon words and expressions he believes would present a problem, alterations in the text may be made as follows:
25. For dated publications, such as The Watchtower, Awake! or Our Kingdom Ministry, the translator should submit his suggestions for changes
to the local Branch Committee. If the Committee approves, he may then insert the changes, and the Committee should report the changes to the Writing Committee.
26. For undated material such as books, booklets and other publications of a permanent nature, the translator should submit his recommendations to the Branch Committee and they, in turn, can send these to the Writing Committee for approval before the changes are made.
27. Changes in artwork should be handled in the same manner. If the Branch Committee feels it is advisable to substitute, for example, an African for a Westerner, and a brother or sister is available to do first-class work, such changes can be made as outlined above for text changes. Hence, if the artwork Is in dated publications the Branch Committee may give the approval. A printed copy of the altered page, with the original attached, should be sent to the Writing Committee. If, on the other hand, the change in artwork is to be done in an undated publication, then the suggested adjustment, with a preliminary art drawing, should first be submitted to the Writing Committee for approval.
28. QUARTERLY EDITIONS OF AWAKE!: These are now being published in a number of languages where semimonthly or monthly editions cannot be prepared. They are proving to be a fine stimulus in many territories not previously served b~ Awake!, including places where there are restrictions on our work. They are not listed on page two of Awake! as Editions Available by Mail, on a subscription basis, but are available as distributors orders only. The cost is the same as for the regular editions. If they are exportable by the printing branches, they are listed in the Cost List and in the mailing lists sent to the branches.
29. REGULARITY OF PUBLICATION: The languages into which The Watchtower and Awake! are to be translated and printed must be approved by the Writing Committee. If it is once decided that a magazine will be published once a month or twice a month, then the translation must come through regularly. Subscribers expect it and have paid for it. It should come through on schedule and the printing should be done according to schedule.
30. Branches that believe that parts of their territory could be served well by a quarterly Awake! in an additional language are encouraged to write their recommendations to the Writing Committee.
31. LISTING BIBLE TRANSLATIONS: On page two of your magazines, or on the publishers page of books, booklets, etc., you should indicate which Bible translation is used primarily. Where you have the New World Translation in your language you may follow what is done in recent English publications. Otherwise, you may use the translation that you consider to be the best in your language, stating: "Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations in this book [or magazine, etc.] are from the translation. Where NW is shown following a quotation, it indicates that the translation is made from the English-language New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, New Edition of [date]." Of course, the latest edition of the New World Translation will normally be used. Where you quote primarily from the New World Translation and do not have this in your own language you can state: "Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations in this book [or magazine, etc.]" are translated from the English-language New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, New Edition of [date].~
Chapter 27
Zone Overseer Service
1. When it is conveniently possible, a zone overseer visit will be arranged for each branch approximately once a year. The zone overseer is sent out as a representative of the Governing Body to aid the branch volunteers in handling their assignments and to see that matters are being conducted in accord with the Scriptures, and in harmony with directions from the Governing Body. He may be a member of the Governing Body or another qualified brother. During the visit the zone overseer is accessible to all members of the Bethel family for discussion on work that is done at the branch, or on personal matters on which help is required by the individual.
2. During the visit a talk will be given to local Kingdom publishers at a place and time arranged for by the Branch Committee. The time should be one that is convenient to the majority of the publishers who will be invited to attend.
3. During his stay at the branch the zone overseer will meet with the Branch Committee who will be prepared to discuss questions or problems affecting the Kingdom work in the territory assigned to that branch. There will also be a meeting with one or more of the traveling overseers in the country in order to consider the conditions in the field and the congregations. Also, if there are missionaries in the country, there will usually be a meeting of those having missionary status with the zone overseer unless you are advised otherwise. Where convenient, this may be followed by a special meal for them with the Bethel family and the Branch Committee and their wives in the truth. In some places due to the distance and expense involved in bringing all of the missionaries to one location, you may arrange another place for them to meet with the zone overseer, perhaps on his inbound or outward-bound trip. (See also 8:41.) The Branch Committee will arrange for these things.
4. The zone overseer will be able to observe whether correct procedures are being followed in each branch that is visited and before leaving the visited branch will make suggestions as necessary to assist in providing for conformity to the Scriptures and the branch procedures. He will be especially interested in the spiritual condition of the branch field and in helping to build up the spirituality of the flock. It will be his responsibility to leave with the branch a letter setting out his observations and recommendations, together with a copy of the completed Questionnaire for Zone Overseer's Visit. He should make it clear that the Branch Committee should follow through on his report in making their own specific recommendations to the Governing Body. The zone overseer should forward to the Governing Body a copy of the above letter to the branch together with the original set of Questionnaire sheets. At the same time, in a separate letter, he may advise the Governing Body of any matters and observations of a more confidential nature.
5. The wife of the zone overseer may travel with him at the Societys expense if they so desire whenever the trip will require fifteen Bethel working days or more. She will be assigned work during the regular working hours in the field service with local publishers or in a Bethel home or branch according to the circumstances. For any trips on Society business requiring less than fifteen Bethel working days, any working days that are used by a wife in traveling with her husband will be counted as vacation days and her travel would not be at the Society's expense. The same principle would apply in the case of wives in full-time service of other representatives of the Society such as missionaries, circuit or district overseers, members of a Branch Committee and Bethel family who may be sent out on special assignments that require them to be away from their regular assignments for fifteen Bethel working days or more.
6. By having a thorough discussion of the activities of the branch and the work in the field, there should be a stimulation of Kingdom activities and improvement in the service that is provided to the brothers throughout the world through the branch organizations. The Branch Committees can aid the zone overseer in covering all the important matters by having their data and questions thoroughly prepared ahead of time and available to the zone overseer immediately upon his arrival at the branch. The Questionnaire for Zone Overseer's visit to Branches (A-26) should be filled out in duplicate I prior to his arrival.
7. While he is with a branch, the zone overseer will usually preside at the Bethel table and he ~-!ill preside at the Branch Committee meeting(s) held during his visit.
Chapter 28
Responsibility of Branch
Committee Members
1. The first responsibility of each member of a Branch Committee is to Jehovah God. He must appreciate his relationship to his Maker and he must give him exclusive devotion. Doing this, he will want to be faithful in Jehovah's organization and his service to his brothers. He will recognize, too, that Jehovah places members in the body as it pleases him. Having been placed in the position of a member of a Branch Committee, he will certainly want to be faithful in his service. At no time should a branch committee member get the attitude that he is very important and thus can never be replaced, because if that attitude exists he will not be of genuine benefit to his brothers and in due time may have to be replaced. It is especially important that members of the Branch Committee cooperate together, thus setting the proper example.—Ps. 133:1; Phil. 2:2-4.
2. DEALING WITH PEOPLE: The attitude of the branch committee member should be one of friendliness and loving-kindness in dealing with his brothers as well as with businessmen and officials. In some instances he may be a stranger in the country where he serves. If so, he should recognize that the people of that country have a measure of pride in their land, their culture and their manner of doing things. They were raised to appreciate the things around them. They rightly feel they are just as good as other people in the world. Whether a foreigner to the country or not, a branch committee member should never take the position that the people he serves are ignorant, or that they are below standard, and thus speak to them as inferiors, but, rather, he must deal with them in kindness and try to please them. He must maintain a good reputation on behalf of his heavenly Masters and set a good example at all times in work, morals and field service.
3. Officials in small countries generally feel as proud of their country as do those in large countries. They do not like to have anyone speak ill of them and make them feel inferior. You can get good results by being kind, loving, peaceful, self-controlled, showing the Christian spirit and being decent to people. Causing friction and using strong, harsh language against anyone causes distrust. Branch committee members should learn to always control their spirit and keep alert when doing business with officials, businessmen or anybody else. Keep in mind that officials have the right to say who goes into their countries and who may live there. It is not our business to tell them how to run the country. We may be able to have missionaries there and do many things only because of their kind consideration. Let us show appreciation. If you do that you will always get better results. Always be tactful and remember it is Kingdom interests we are interested in primarily.
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end
the following report was sent to me anonymously.
it's huge!.
at over 30,000 words and 68 pages it's a lot to take in.
[part 4]
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Chapter 19
Printing Costs and Accounting
1. Any manufacturing plant needs to have a record of expenses if it is to operate efficiently and provide information concerning the cost of items being produced. Therefore a cost accounting system needs to be set up in all printing branches :o provide manufacturing and shipping costs on the books, booklets and magazines as well as other items of production. Such information not only provides a check on efficiency but is helpful in deciding the price at which an item can be placed with the public and in determining the feasicality of having certain items printed by an outside firm where duty fees and shipping costs make it seem impractical to uce our own facilities. How e!aborate the accounting system needs to be is in most cases determined by the reports required by the branch organization as well as the extent of manufacturing being done. It should be a very simple matter to keep a record of costs where merely a small amounl of job printing is involved. Certainly one should avoid spending a lot of time working up information that is not needed. Also it is good lo avoid duplication of effort whenecer possible. For instance, it may be that much of the information compiled in the treasurer s oftice at the branch can be utilized by the cost accountant in developing some of the costs needed. While bookkeeping as carried on in the treasurer's office needs lo take into consideration all costs in order to balance out the books, cost accounting is concerned only with expenses that affect the manufacturing or other costs being developec
2. COSTS NOT CHARGEBLE TO PRODUCTION: Every branch has operational expenses that are necessary in looking after the Kingdom interects, but only certain items contribute to manufacturing costs. Expenses that a branch would ordinarly have if printing was being done by an outside firm are not included in the cost of producing books, magazines or other literature. Following is a list of expenses that should not be included in the manufacturing costs or at least, not charged directly:
3. Bethel home expenses consisting of reimbursements, meals, housing, furniture and illness, as well as repairs, rent, mortgages, dividends, taxes, light, heat and power for the portion of the branch building comprising the Bethel home, are charged to labor costs. Eventually a portion of these costs will get into the manufacturing cost through the labor rate (see labor costs) but none of these Bethel home expenses are to be charged directly to production .
4. Branch overhead expenses involving the various offices, service department, translation and proofreading of copy, correspondence, bookkeeping, invoicing and the handling of pioneers as well as the handling and expenses, including reimbursements, of circuit and district overseers, missionaries and special pioneers, are not charged to production.
5. Cars and trucks are not chargeable if the branch has conveyances for business purposes other than those used for manufacturing or shipping. Those used for various purposes may be prorated for cost accounting purposes .
6. Conventions and their expenses are not charged to production.
7. Educational expenses involved in maintaining schools at a branch such as the Kingdom Ministry or Pioneer Service Schools, special training given to missionaries learning a language, or instruction to circuit and district overseers, as well as motion picture films and slides would not be included in production costs.
8. Legal expenses involving estates or property other than that being used for manufacturing.
9. Maintenance of outside property or the sale thereof would not affect the cost of production.
10. Shipping costs involving the storage, packaging and shipping of literature and magazines.
11. Other expenses too may not be included in the cost of manufacturing a book or magazine, the reason being that if we had our literature printed outside by a local printer we would still have all of the above expenses. What we want to ascertain in our cost system is the exact cost of manufacturing the book, booklet or magazine as though the manufacturing or printing division were an outside concern.
12. COSTS THAT ARE CHARGEABLE TO PRODUCTION: The only branches that will have to set up a cost accounting system are those that manufacture books, booklets or magazines, or do considerable printing on a small scale, and then they would need to know what these things cost in order to make a comparison with outside printing. Therefore the items that are to go into production costs are as follows:
13. Building: Just that portion of the building that is used for manufacturing and storage of supplies for manufacturing would be charged to production. This would include depreciation, rent, taxes and maintenance costs to the factory building.
14. Heat: If one central heating system is used for the heating of the Bethel home, the office and the factory, then a percentage of the heat cost would be worked out for charging to the factory. The rest would go against the Bethel home and office.
15. Ink would include all inks, oils and dryers used in printing as well as any costs of manufacturing ink or distributing it to the presses.
16. Labor costs will include everything contributing directly or indirectly to the following: reimbursements, personal expense account payments, home, meals and sickness. The totals of the above items contributing to the labor rate for the current month are added to the totals for the previous eleven
months and the resultant total for the year is then divided by twelve to provide an average cost of labor for the month involved. The total cost of labor should then be divided by the number of persons working in the factory, the office and such schools as may be in operation at the branch. It will not include those who work in the kitchen or dining room in connection with meals, nor will it include housekeepers or others engaged in home maintenance. The above procedure will provide a labor rate per person for cost-accounting purposes and will be the same for each individual whether serving in the factory, the office or a school being operated by branch volunteers. However, only the labor cost of those who work in the factory and have to do either directly or indirectly with the manufacture of literature will be charged against production. The labor cost of all others falls against the nonprinting operations of the branch.
17. Light and Power: If the lights are on a separate meter from the rest of the power then the cost can be distributed in the same manner as shown in paragraph 14 with respect to heat. If there is not a separate meter then a survey will have to be made to determine the portion of the expense that applies to lights and the balance will then be charged to the various departments and/or machinery that utilize power.
18. Machinery and Equipment: Separate ledger accounts must be maintained for these in order to keep a record of the depreciation.
19. Maintenance: A record should be kept of all maintenance costs for machinery and equipment in the various departments. This would include maintenance supplies.
20. Stock: This has to do with materials such as paper supplies, cardboard, bogus, crash, stitching wire, or any other material that goes into the making of a book, booklet or magazine. It is part of the cost of production.
21. The details of the actual cost accounting procedure will be supplied to printing branches on request to the Brooklyn office. Branches that do not do printing need not be concerned with this information.
Chapter 23
Schools for Theocratic Training
1. KINGDOM MINISTRY SCHOOL: The revised Kingdom Ministry School program will offer 15 hours of study for elders in five units of instruction of three hours each. In most cases there will be two instructors for each school. From time to time supplementary refresher courses may be arranged by the Teaching Committee to offer progressive training for this school program.
2. Scheduling of the school sessions can be flexible. The school could be conducted over a weekend. Or, portions could be covered for three hours each evening with the course running for five evenings. In. some cases midweek daytime classes may be preferable, with the course running for two days. It will be up to the branch office to schedule school sessions in harmony with what is best locally.
3. This school is primarily open to the appointed elders in the congregations. It is recommended for the entire local body of elders of a congregation to attend the school at the same time. For this reason the Governing Body has authorized a special program whereby all the elders in a given branch area may be offered the same course in a comparatively short time, perhaps three to five weeks. This will be organized through the circuit overseers. Each circuit will have a Kingdom Ministry School of two instructors appointed by the Society. Classes of 25 or so students in a circuit will be conducted in local Kingdom Halls until all the elders who desire to attend have attended this refresher course. Some circuits will have six or more classes to complete the number of elders attending. An enrollment form filled out by the circuit overseer and finally approved by the branch office will guide and govern the enrollment in these schools.
4. In some countries congregations may have only a few elders or none at all, with ministerial servants serving in place of overseers, or in rare cases, some may not even have ministerial servants, yet those available are used to help local groups keep functioning and handle correspondence. These may be helped by the circuit overseer when he visits the group.
S. The most recent textbook is entitled "Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock." (ks 81 ) A further refresher course may be offered periodically using additional textbook supplements or other suitable material provided by the Teaching Committee. If there is a supplement the student will be permitted to take his copy home with him for further use. In this way every congregation will have several of these textbooks available for the elders to use to guide the congregations in unity and harmony. In countries that are under ban or where there are serious restrictions, branches may supply the congregations with at least one copy of a current revised textbook to be kept in a safe place for the local elders to use and to study on their
own. When the circuit overseer visits, he can help the elders by teaching them from the material they already have on hand.
6. PIONEER SERVICE SCHOOLS: Pioneer Service Schools are established with the objective of training full-time publishers who qualify to open up new territories and organize new congregations. In quite a number of branch territories there are large towns and cities that need to receive a Kingdom witness. There are good prospects of starting new congregations in such places if qualified publishers are available. So pioneers, after training in the Pioneer Service Schools, will be used in this activity in their own countries if they are willing. Even in lands where a good witness has been given, much interest that is encountered could be developed by starting more home Bible studies. Pioneer Service Schools will provide training with this in view also.
7. Good central locations, probably where a Kingdom Hall is available, can be determined upon and classes of 20 to 25 students will be enrolled. The students will undergo a study course in lessons contained in the textbook Shining as Illuminators in the world. The class sessions will be conducted by qualified brothers who are capable instructors. The study units can be spread over two weeks or covered in a shorter period, depending on the circumstances and the needs. In addition to class study and discussions, provision will also be made, where possible, for application of the things learned right in the field, since certain hours will be set aside for participation in the field by both students and instructor.
8. Regular and special pioneers who have been on the list for at least a year and who are qualified otherwise may be invited to attend the school. It will be appropriate for missionaries and wives of circuit and district overseers to be included in this program of training if they have been a year or more in their assignment.
9. Since some special pioneers and others attending the Pioneer Service School may have to travel some distance, there may be need for the school instructor to organize room accommodations as required. It may be that the local congregation publishers will be happy to provide such temporary accommodations. As far as may be possible students will not be asked to come from too great a distance.
10. The Society will care for the travel and food expense of special pioneers and missionaries attending the schools. Congregations in the larger centers may wish to contribute in some measure. It is not the wish of the Society that anyone become unduly burdened in caring for such expense. In each case the instructor will inform the branch office of the needs at each school location .
11. We are sure that this provision of the Pioneer Service School will be of assistance and encouragement to our full-time brothers and sisters, and
eventually do much ;o extend the witness and result in the organizing of many new congregations of Jehovah's worshipers.
12. BETHEL ENTRANTS' SCHOOL: Some of the larger branches have arranged a program for new members of the Bethel family consisting of a series of twelve lecture periods and twelve classroom discussion sessions for one hour each following the Bethel family Watchtower study Monday evenings. The Dwelling Together In Unity booklet is the basis for most of the outlines. Larger branches may request copies of this material.
13. Bible reading is also a part of this program. Before completing their first year at Bethel new members of the family are expected to read the complete Christian Creek Scriptures during the first five months and then the Hebrew Scriptures during the remaining seven months.
14. ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS: New members of the family are also given a preliminary series of four lectures relating to Bethel life, work schedule, health, study and other appropriate items. A brief outline of such topics is available on request from the Teaching Committee and can be adjusted by the Branch Committee to tit local needs as desired.
15. GILEAD SCHOOL This school has been arranged for persons desirous of entering the missionary service and who have spent more than two years in full-time service. For additional details on qualifications, see chapter eight, paragraphs two and .three. The Gilead course covers 20 weeks and provides intensive training in Bible study and organization.
16. THEOCRATIC MINISTRY SCHOOL: Instructions as to how the School is to be conducted each year appear on page one of each Theocratic Ministry School Schedule. The publications to be used during the school year are also shown therein. Branches may request exceptions as to material covered, if necessary.
Chapter 24
Writing Articles for
"The Watchtower" and "Awake!"
1. WRITING DESKS: The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses has approved of setting up writing desks on a permanent basis in a number of the Society's branch offices. The objective of the arrangement is: (1) to produce articles that are better adapted to the needs of the world field, and to avoid the ,"American" flavor that results when most articles are produced in the (United States; (2) to include in our journals articles that are most helpful to Christians living under circumstances in various parts of the world, not just those conditions found in the United States; (3) to achieve a redistribution of the writing load; (4) to find additional individuals who are qualified to write and thus give greater diversity to the style of writing in our magazines, while also achieving a broader interest in our publications.
2. The overseer of the writing desk in the larger branches that have been asked to set up such desks will be responsible to supply finished copy to the writing Department according to the schedule made by the Assignment Desk at Brooklyn. where the assignment is on a part-time basis, he will give it priority over other things when that is necessary. At times these branch representatives of the Writing Department may get in touch with other branches, requesting certain information or special facts not available elsewhere. If this occurs, carbon copies of all such correspondence between branches should be sent to the Writing Department in Brooklyn. Branches that have not been asked to set up a writing desk are encouraged to contribute written copy for The Watchtower and Awake! as they have opportunity. In branches where there is such a desk the brother caring for this work, as the branch representative of the Writing Department in Brooklyn, is considered a reporter for Awake! In branches where no writing desk has been set up, the branch committee coordinator generally is an Awake! reporter. If you have someone who is particularly qualified to write, we would encourage you to try to send in at least one article a year, or more if you are able. If there is no one in your branch territory who has writing ability, you should at least keep alert to what is happening in your part of the world. When an event occurs that would be of interest to your brothers and others in other countries, for example, if an earthquake or other calamity should strike, then you should be quick to tell us about it. If nothing more, you can promptly send us news clippings and your report on such matters.
3. At times an Awake! reporter may choose to submit through the writing desk a complete article instead of sending a preview outline to Brooklyn. Probably it would be preferable to handle matters in this way when some
newsworthy event takes place (such as an earthquake or disaster), since we want to publish this material in the earliest possible issue of Awake! Of course, the copy submitted under these circumstances should be well written and ready for publication. First-person news reports based on personal experiences and interviews not only are factual but also have human interest that can never be captured in an article that is based on I other news sources. Be careful about covering political events, since we are neutral as to politics and avoid taking sides. Nevertheless, at times we can report on governmental news that may be of interest to our readers.
4. Those used as writers must be dedicated, baptized brothers or sisters in good standing with their local congregations and who have writing ability. They should be exemplary, modest, not inclined to talk loosely to others about their writing activity. Sisters may be found to be especially talented in writing articles of interest to women. However, they should not be used to prepare articles that are basically an exposition of Scripture. Whenever anyone is given an assignment to write an article for The Watchtower or Awake!, that person should be given a copy of the memorandum "Writing fo Our Journals." It is not necessary that the person read the booklet Working Together in Unity. However, the one in the branch responsible for sending in the article should be well acquainted with this publication and follow its rules when editing material submitted. This will do much to assure that articles will be usable for publication.
5. PREPARING MATERIAL: The subjects on which articles may be written are quite varied. Some articles will deal with spiritual matters, and these should be written by brothers. Awake! articles may be on such subjects as commerce, economics, government, national customs, science, religion, geography, various occupations, history, social science, and natural history. Since the articles will be read by people in many lands, the subjects and titles should have broad appeal. They do not have to be about the country where the writer is located, although they may often beneficially contain material that reflects the relationship of that country to the subject. This can be accomplished by doing research in books and periodicals published in that land and by mentioning places and customs peculiar to that country, if it is appropriate to do so. There may be other more resourceful ways to achieve this goal.
6. Time in which to do the work of writing will vary with the individual. Those who are not in full-time service can work matters out according to the free time they have available. Bethel family members who are given the privilege of writing can be asked whether they are in a position to do this on their own time or will need working hours. Some may be happy to use evening hours, or weekends for this type of work. None, however, should be discouraged from asking permission to use working time for such an assignment. Generally the morning hours rather than late evening hours are the best time for writing. A missionary, special pioneer or regular pioneer can be granted a time allowance by the Branch Committee if this is needed
to care for a writing assignment. In many cases allowing the equivalent of a work week may suffice for an article. Some assignments may not require that much time, whereas for others more time will be needed. For those in missionary or special pioneer service, it would be best to care for a writing assignment within a single calendar month.
7. Article previews should be submitted in most cases before an article is written. In a branch having a permanent writing desk, the responsible brother will be expected to work closely with the Writing Department in Brooklyn. In most cases he will submit his suggestions for articles to Brooklyn for approval before proceeding with the actual writing of the articles. This will act 2S a check preventing two branches from preparing articles on the same subject. If ideas for articles are submitted by other individuals in the country, the representative of the Writing Department can attach his own notes to such an article preview when sending it to Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Writing Department may have other suggestions to offer as to what should be incorporated in the article. These article previews should bear the name of the prospective writer as well as the suggested title. They should be dated and should bear the signature of the writing desk representative and of the branch committee coordinator. Generally it is preferred that these previews be in outline form, complete with introduction, body and conclusion. Of course, it is understood that if the article is approved, the writer may make some adjustments in the outline as he works on the subject. Branches that do not have a permanent writing desk are also invited to submit preview outlines for prospective articles, addressing the covering letter to the Assignment Desk, Writing Department, Brooklyn. All article previews may be sent in unnumbered letters, but completed articles should be sent with a numbered covering letter in duplicate.—See 1:73, ,1.
8. Field experiences and life stories have been used in The Watchtower and Awake! Often the circumstances, attitudes and customs of the people living in the country where these articles originate are reflected in what is written. We should be sure that there is an obvious and worthwhile point made by the experience or the life story. Regarding the qualifications of those featured in life stories, please see the memorandum "Writing for Our Journals."
9. In addition to suggestions for articles that you would like to write, there may be other articles that you feel would be of value to readers of The Watchtower and Awake! For instance, from time to time subject material for a semi-special issue of one of our journals might be developed. If your writing desk or branch does not feel that it can handle such a subject, feel free to submit outlines for such a semi-special issue and perhaps it can be worked out with cooperation from writing desks in other branches. Also, there may be topics or questions that could be handled in Scriptural articles, though you may not have anyone in your branch territory who is in position to prepare such material. The Writing Department in Brooklyn would be pleased to receive your suggestions.
10. If you receive worthwhile news clippings, we would appreciate having you send them to the Writing Department in Brooklyn. You can determine the type of items that are likely to be of use by observing the material appearing in "Insight on the News" and "Watching the World." Items from newspapers and magazines as well as quotations from books should be accompanied by the complete name of the author, publication, its publisher and place of origin, its date and page number(s). Kindly indicate the specific article—putting a mark in the margin next to any statements of particular interest—and send it to the Writing Department in Brooklyn in its entirety. Please submit a good English translation for any foreign-language clippings or copies of material that you send to Brooklyn. Kindly direct these letters to the Writing Department, Clippings Desk.
11. POINTS TO CHECK BEFORE SENDING IN ARTICLES: Before signing and submitting an article to the Writing Department in Brooklyn, the writing desk overseer or an assigned branch committee member (in the case of branches lacking a writing desk) should read the article very carefully. It should have a good title, an interesting introduction, a well-outlined and developed body and a fitting conclusion. The article should be appraised in the light of ~ hat is said in the memorandum Writing for Our Journals. It should be good enough to publish for millions of readers. Also, have in mind the possible effect of the article on the people living in your territory. Sometimes it is best not to say certain things, even though they are true Be careful not to submit material for publication that might cause difficulty for our brothers or for the work in your country. There are many things about which • e can write that will not hurt our work and may actually engender good- ill. Of course, no matter what is written, the truth should be presented. Nevertheless, we can be tactful about how we say things.
12. DOCUMENTING ARTICLES: When articles are submitted for possible publication in The 'Watchtower or Awake! or as a brochure, booklet, etc., it is important that they be properly documented. Do not simply put a bibliography at the end of the article. Throughout the article, please put reference numbers in brackets at the end of quotations and next to facts, which should be documented. Then attach to the article a separate sheet listing the sources alongside the corresponding numbers. This information is useful to us in many ways and may even determine whether an article can be published or not. With the first reference to each source document, please show the following with regard to books: Full title, author's name, date published, place of publication, volume and/or page numbers. Regarding magazines and newspapers: Full name of publication, a clear statement as to whether it is a magazine or a newspaper (some translators have to know this), city and state and country where published, full date, page number. Subsequent references to the same publication may be abbreviated.
13. If there are direct quotations from magazines, newspapers, books, or other sources (apart from the Bible) in your article, please submit a
photocopy, whether the material is in English or any other language. In the latter event, include a translation into English. Keep the original on hand for future use in your branch, as for example in translation. If you are aware that a particular quotation that you use has appeared previously in the Society s publications. please state where it is to be found. Branch Committees can check that the above details are being supplied when sending in articles.
14. When an article is sent to the Writing Department in Brooklyn it must be accurate in every detail. Basically, that responsibility rests with the writer. We should use as writers only individuals whom we know will do dependable research and present the facts carefully. However, when the branch committee coordinator or (he branch representative of the Writing Department reads ar, article and sees anything at all in it lhat raises a question, this point chould be checked with the original writer, or il should be looked up to make sure that what is said is absolutely right. If lhe point is in error, an approl) ale correction should be made. Similarly. if statements are ambiguous they should be clarified. Matters should be expressed, not only with a view to explaining them, but so that they will not be misunderstood by translators or by readers. Avoid use of expressions having unnecessary political or propagandistic overtones
15. Where possible photographs or pictures (preferably in color) should be sent along with the article. Photographic negatives and clear slides .are preferred. This material will help the artists to prepare good illustrations and give the article real local color. Photographs should be accompanied by signed releases, as explained in Ihe memorandum "Writing for Our Journals."
16. Any article that is sent to the Writing Department in Brooklyn should bear the name of the writer. It should also be dated and the name of the branch should be given. In the upper right-hand corner should appear the branch committee coordinator's signature as well as that of the branch representative of the writing Department if you have a writing desk. Such signature(s) would indicate that everything is in order and that the article is approved for publication.
17. Articles of local interest that have been prepared by your branch for use in certain-language editions of Awake! should be approved first by the Branch Committee. Then, before they are ever scheduled for your magazine, they should be sent, together with a translation into English, to the Writing Committee for approval. Branches translating Awake! may fill an average of up to ten percent of the total pages of their Awake! magazine with local articles, but these must first be approved by the Writing Committee as stated above. There may be exceptions, such as "Watching the World," reports on branch dedication and expansion, publishing a report on your conventions in an early edition (while the information is still "news") or making a report on the brothers' loving actions during some local disaster. In such exceptional cases, you have our permission to publish the article with approval of the Branch Committee only. However, please be careful not to say anything that could put Jehovah's people in a bad light, or cause legal or other problems, in your own country or other countries where your magazine may circulate. Send such articles, together with English translations, clippings (including translation), references, etc., to the Writing Committee. Have in mind that we may also be able to use the material.
18. All correspondence and articles from branch writing desks will be channeled through the branch committee coordinator, the same as other branch correspondence.
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the following report was sent to me anonymously.
it's huge!.
at over 30,000 words and 68 pages it's a lot to take in.
[part 3]
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Chapter 18
Printing
Note: Volunteers at branches not involved with printing are not required to read this chapter.
1. Everything printed by branches must either originate at Brooklyn or be approved by the Publishing Committee. (Approval to translate literature and magazine; is given by the Writing Committee.) The many forms and letters printed at the United States Branch are used because it saves time instead of typing the same information over and over again. Many of these forms and letters will never be needed in quantity at small branches. When a congregation writes in, you can answer their question. and it may be that that question will be asked only once a year. You have sample copies of forms and you may use the information as it applies to your country when you reply. So there is no need for small branches to have as many printed forms and letters as larger ones.
2. Please keep in mind the cost involved in printing forms and mailing them. First, they must be translated, typeset, and composed, and this takes time. Then they are printed, which also takes time. It takes paper. which is expensive. So, if we print a lot of forms and you simply stock them on your shelves in the branches and rarely use them, this is not a wise use of Society funds. The principles regarding the ordering of forms are similar to those followed when a branch office orders literature or miscellaneous merchandise. If you have no great use for certain forms, there is no need to stock them.
3. If your branch print forms. you should be conservative as to quantity. Generally it is good not to print more than a year's supply, as forms may be altered from time to time.
4 FACTORY OPERATION: Things need to keep moving through the printing division of the factory. Items should not bog down and be held until the last minute, but should be promptly handled so that the flow of work moves smoothly. As we go about the work an eye should be kept on quality first, then the quantity.
5. Throughout the entire factory operation appropriate ones responsible should be appointed to ensure (1) planning and scheduling; (2) requisitioning necessary materials and supplies; (3) making out and distributing job orders; (4) following jobs through to completion; (5) keeping necessary records, files, and samples and (6) working closely with the volunteers to know their abilities and to understand their problems.
6. Schedules need to be planned to keep the work in the factory in its proper order. Appropriate ones should be appointed to handle this scheduling work. In scheduling the work, prepare a copy of a written schedule for all the departments concerned, showing when the various operations on a particular book, magazine, Our Kingdom Ministry, and so forth, are due to begin in that department. With non-simultaneous magazines, the schedules for each issue are prepared by working backward, from the day the magazines should go to the post office to allow sufficient time for them to reach the subscribers and congregations. Allow sufficient time for all I operations in the factory, such as wrapping, trimming, stitching, folding, printing, typesetting. proofreading, and set the date copy must be in the hands of the proofreaders. The amount of time to allow for these operations can be established from the previous six months' average of the time required for each operation. As needed, brothers should be assigned the responsibility to see that these schedules are adhered to by all so that the work can be done in good order and the publications reach the people at the right time. Those publishing magazines and Our Kingdom Ministry simultaneously should make workable schedules that take into consideration mailing times from Brooklyn and local shipping needs.
7. In order to have an efficient flow of work the necessary materials and supplies must be on hand. A good way to check on all items of stock such as paper, ink, and so forth, field service forms and literature, is to have a monthly inventory taken and posted as a progressive inventory. This inventory would show stock on hand plus that received and minus supplies used; then at the end of the month you will have a new balance on hand. This will assist in ordering because it will show the rate of movement and will prevent running out of stock of forms, literature, and necessary supplies or materials. Inventories should be very carefully checked in ordering stock so as not to get overstocked. Requisitions for supplies required to print books, booklets. magazines, and forms, such as paper, ink, glue, paste, cloth, and so forth, should be made out by those designated in sufficient time to keep all machines busy and the items in stock. When reprinting forms always consult your "forms file" for latest changes in the form, if any.
8. The printing operation is detailed and therefore written instructions are essential for accuracy. Printing requisitions (except magazines and forms) are approved by the Publishing Committee. A job number is assigned from a consecutive list of numbers, and a major file envelope (F-108) is made out. The filed press order (F-104) from the previous printing should always be used as a guide to write up a reprinted item. Any problems experienced in the previous printing should have been marked on the press order. Essential information such as paper size and weight, ink colors, and trim size will be shown. On first printings the information must be worked out I by the one assigned who should consult former similar jobs. Waste of time and material can be avoided if care is taken to get the most forms out of a given sheet with the least number of impressions on the press. The department job orders (F-104) should be proofread after typing, and routed to each department handling the item. Text copy or artwork is first sent to proofreading before being processed for production. All questions should be answered before work is started on any printing item.
9. The brother designated must follow a job through to completion. He must be thorough and check regularly on the work under his supervision, and so should the branch committee coordinator. Regular tours, at least twice daily, should be made by a responsible brother through the factory or publishing section of the branch. Brothers should be designated as responsible for coordinating all activities between translators, proofreaders, factory, and shipping. All jobs should be followed through, making certain that things are done on time and correctly. Checks must be made with Invoicing and Shipping to see that forms and literature are kept in stock, that orders are not unnecessarily held up, and that all items and materials are on hand to fill orders quickly. This gives our brothers in the field good service. Responsible brothers must always be alert to look for things that may be wrong or that need attention or correction. Try to improve methods of handling the work so that it can be done well in the most convenient, efficient, and least expensive manner. Everyone in the factory operation should be educated to be concerned with quality control and waste reduction.
10. Records are kept by a central factory office to supply vital information to other departments. A file of job press printings should be kept up to date with one copy of the latest printing of each item. Pertinent information should be written on the forms ,such as job number, quantity. date of printing, and the storage location of the printing flats This information is vital for expediting reprints. A sample of each book and booklet printing should be filed with a library card (F-110) inside the cover, showing all the printing data.
11. An important responsibility in factory operation is to work closely with the volunteers. All overseers should always be very considerate of, and interested in, their brothers. They should regularly converse with them in an endeavor to learn their problems and then give them the required assistance. An overseer should not be a boss, lording it over the volunteers, but must exercise proper love as a servant. Then he will get good cooperation, which is essential for efficient functioning of the factory. He must be observant of the abilities of each brother or sister so that he will be better able to make recommendations to the factory overseer or Branch Committee concerning the assignment of volunteers.
12. In large branches the brothers with overall factory oversight will work mainly through the department overseers in assigning out the work and transmitting information and instructions. Problems relating to volunteers, their work habits, getting along with others, cooperation, job recommendations, etc., will usually be handled by the elder group responsible for such volunteers.
13. A big job in factory operation is planning, coordinating the various departments, and keeping things moving on schedule. Overseers should know the abilities of the different workers so that the brothers can be assigned from one job to another to get things done when they need to be done. Whenever possible there should be a back-up man for each job. Brothers with the responsibility of overall factory oversight should be servants to all departments, having an interest in production and quality printing.
14. HANDBILLS: Samples of handbills for congregations are sent to all branches from the United States Branch Office. On the back of the handbill an advertisement is printed. You do not need to print the same advertisement as appears on the sample. What the United States Branch does is print an advertisement on the back of our regular-size handbill. We print the back first and stock them. Then when we want to print handbills for some congregation showing the various meetings, we just take whatever backs we have and print on the reverse side and send them out; What is printed on the back is not ;he important thing. The important thing is the front side of the handbill showing the schedule of congregation meetings. So if you print handbills. do not be concerned about matching certain backs with a certain front. If you do not have time to print the backs or it is too expensive, then just print the front of the handbills. The purpose of the handbill is to get people to the various meetings. The reason we have printed an advertisement on the back is to use it as a tract to give a message and invite the people to order some literature if they are so inclined.
15. We do not always cover our costs for printing handbills. We charge this loss off to advertising. The price on handbills will vary in different countries according to local costs.
16. In printing handbills try to make things as uniform as possible. By using the "Redefine" keys and "Submit" function on the MEPS system the entry and proofreading of handbills can be expedited and much time saved.
17. Placards or window signs will no longer be printed by printing branches except by special permission. If there seems to be some real need or value in supplying them they may be ordered from a printing branch on the handbill order form (S-16). ,Manuscript copy for all the information desired on the placard or window sign should be typewritten and supplied along with the order form. The words "Placard" or "Window Sign Order" should be typed across the top of the Handbill Order form. Instead of showing the name of the congregation, the name of the circuit should be shown in the space provided. Placard and window sign orders should not be included on the same handbill order blank as handbills, but on a separate handbill order blank (S-16).
18. MNEMONIC SYMBOLS: When a branch publishes literature in a language that is not assigned a mnemonic symbol, send a request to the Brooklyn office to assign a symbol for the publication. This is done so that there will be no repetition in symbols anywhere in the world. While we do not use symbols in sending orders between branches, yet we do use symbols when writing our local invoices, and the same symbols should be used worldwide. The Brooklyn office controls symbols.
19. Symbols for new languages and publications printed in Brooklyn will be shown on the Publications to Be Printed sheet. Branches can watch for these and keep their records up to date. A listing is also found in the back of the Cost List.
20. When making domestic invoices or orders where one principal language is spoken in a country, (like Germany), there is no need to put "X" behind every item to indicate a German publication, or in Spanish countries to put "S" to indicate Spanish publications, but the branch can use the mnemonic symbols without the language symbol. If, however, such a country has an order for an English publication, the branch can use the symbol "E" to show the publication to be sent is English and not in the national language. .Always show the language fully spelled out on branch orders.
21. When you have any forms printed or mimeographed you should always show the form number in the lower left-hand corner except for such items as letterheads, envelopes, postcards, and membership or similar certificates. There should never be two different forms bearing the same number. The mnemonic symbol for the language is shown following the form number when it is translated into another language. (Example: S-4-S 6/86) The same date as shown on the English form should be shown on the translation. Dates are changed when forms are revised in English, not when they are translated.
22. SAMPLES OF PRINTED FORMS AND PUBLICATIONS: All branches that do printing of magazines should send one sample copy to Watchtower Farms Magazine Department if the branch does not send a bulk supply. If a bulk supply is sent the sample will be taken from the bulk supply. All branches printing books, booklets, or Our Kingdom Ministry should send one sample copy of each to the Brooklyn office. This is done on the initial printing and also on all reprints of books and booklets. It is not necessary to send samples of printed forms. A copy of all printed or mimeographed material should be kept in the branch files in date order as printed for review by the zone overseer.
23. The United States Branch Office sends to all branches one copy of everything printed that we feel branches should have. When you receive these copies, read them through carefully, then put them in your form file. The Brooklyn office does not send all of its forms to you because some are used only within the Brooklyn factory or the Bethel home itself, or maybe for local conventions. We are selective in sending some forms only to larger branches that may have a need for them.
24. THE PRINTING OF FORMS: Small branches will find it expensive to have forms printed, and we suggest that such branches reproduce their needs, possibly by mimeograph or Multilith. Generally it will be impractical for the branch to have forms printed at the United States Branch in quantities less than 500. Lesser amounts if needed (note paragraphs 2 and 3) may be reproduced locally.
25. Branches may order English forms from Brooklyn as well as forms in other languages if we print them. Always write out the name of the form and the form number on the order blank. Never order less than 500 copies of a form if it is necessary for the form to be printed for you alone. If it is a stock item there is no minimum quantity. We will not print forms in other languages unless we feel that they are needed by the branch ordering. Branches may use forms even though they have the Brooklyn office address on them instead of the branch address. Under such circumstances you may add your local address under the Brooklyn address by neatly printing it with a rubber stamp or by typewriter. In many places it is most economical for the branches to have letterheads and forms printed locally due to the high import duties on forms. Where the branches know that forms are duty free, they can order from a printing branch, but check into these matters before ordering. When ordering letterheads, envelopes, or other forms from a printing branch, a copy or a sample of the previous form showing exactly the way the form is to appear finally should be attached to the Branch Order. This does not apply to stocked service forms or handbills but to forms to be printed that are peculiar to your country only.
26. Even though some changes have been made in forms and you have old ones, continue to use the old forms until they are gone unless advised otherwise. Generally changes are not major enough to throw away old forms. Before you run out of the old ones order the new supplies to be used, allowing ample time to receive them.
27. When the Brooklyn office revises and prints an English form, no reprints of the old form will be made in any language, but the branch will use up its old supply. When a branch needs a new supply, it should revise the form to conform with the latest English form.
28. No branches are authorized to institute new forms of their own unless the Publishing Committee has been given reasons for it and you have received approval. When a new branch is opened, it is unwise to introduce many new forms to the publishers to use at once. Forms are not really important. The important thing is the preaching of the good news of the Kingdom, organizing the publishers into congregations and helping them to be spiritually strong and active. Do not burden them down with a lot of book work. It is only when there are many congregations that a number of forms are really needed. A good rule to follow is that the fewer forms you have to use, the better it is. The brothers should get accustomed to using the essential forms that have to do with reporting to the congregation and the congregation's reporting to the office. There are very few other forms that are needed in the small branches.
29. PRINTING OF BOOKS AND BOOKLETS: Any branch that prints books or booklets should always have their requisitions approved by the Publishing Committee before going ahead with printing. The branch should be sure too that the quantity ordered is the right amount and based on the movement of that kind of literature. Think and check carefully before writing out a requisition.
30. When a branch gets approval to print a book or booklet, the approval for the printing of that quantity of literature gives the branch approval to purchase paper, cloth, cardboard, or anything else that goes into the making of that publication. It is not necessary to send requisitions through to the Publishing Committee for approval for these other supplies if the overall approval has been given.
31. Branches should keep accurate cost records of all publications produced. In addition to production cost you will need to add in the cost of freight, insurance, and duty. Insurance generally runs about 16 cents per one hundred dollars of value.—See Printing Costs and Accounting, chapter 19.
32. PUBLICATIONS TO BE PRINTED SHEET: Before printing any publication at Brooklyn or any other printing branch, it is good to have it listed on the Publications to Be Printed sheet some time before you plan to print it. If you have approval to print a publication locally, send a memorandum to the Brooklyn office requesting that it be listed on a coming Publications to Be Printed sheet. Be sure to allow sufficient time before an item is to be printed for it to appear on the sheet and for the branches to send in their orders. Then when the orders from various branches reach the printing branch, it can be determined just how many to print for other countries.
33. ART PROOFS, FILM, ETC.: When art proofs or film are sent to a printing branch, if required for custom purposes be sure that certified invoices are sent to the printing branch at the time they are mailed. One or two copies of the certified invoice should be placed inside the parcel for custom purposes as required. Additionally, two more copies of the certified invoice should be mailed immediately to the printing branch.
34. When furnishing such material for reproduction and printing be sure it is properly identified. Remember that persons working in printing branches do not necessarily understand your language. Therefore, you should be careful to make everything as foolproof as possible for the printing branch.
35. When sending art proofs or film for magazines, be sure to send a complete dummy. A dummy is a preliminary layout showing the position of the text and illustrations as they are to appear in the final reproduction. This dummy for books should include the title page, publishers page, advertisements, and the dummy layout for the cover, showing how the title should appear. In some instances a locally printed magazine could serve as the dummy and be sent with the proofs or film.
36. In putting advertisements in a book or booklet you should never advertise publications that are not already in stock in your language. It would be better to leave pages blank than to advertise publications that do not appear in the language in which the new publication appears.
37. Due to postal regulations in the United States we do not advertise The Watchtower and Awake! in books or booklets.
38. When receiving art proofs or film, occasionally we experience difficulty because not enough room has been allowed to insert a picture. This requires adjusting the picture or cropping it. This does not always work for the best appearance, so care is necessary in following the outline of the English picture to allow sufficient spacing. It may be necessary to reword the text to ensure adequate space for the picture.
39. At present the Society has been including many four-color pictures in the Yearbook, other books, brochures, and this will come to include a goodly number of language editions of our magazines. It will greatly complicate matters and result in greatly increased expense if each individual language edition Of these publications has its own layout with its own location of four-colour pictures. It is desirable that each printing branch keep on hand standard master flats of all three-color artwork and match these with the black art and text in any given language. This will require that with all language editions of our magazines or other publications to be printed in four colors, the color pictures fall in exactly the same location on the same pages as in the English edition. This is becoming more important now that so many editions of our magazines, and also books, are published simultaneously.
40. In the case of magazines and other publications which are printed in other branches, and also printed in Brooklyn, it is necessary that the text flats sent to Brooklyn follow exactly the same page layout and location of four-color artwork as in the English edition. If there is to be some variation, such as a French, German or Italian edition of a magazine not using the same ad, then the ad should be in black only. Otherwise we do not have the time to do all the work necessary to produce a different four-color ad and get the magazine out on time.
41. PAGE AND TEXT-AREA SIZES: It is important to follow the English text-area sizes when preparing art proofs or film because they are based on machinery limitation-, and publication standardization. The standard page size in a regular-size book, Bible, or booklet is 4-1/2" x 6-1/2" (114mm x 165mm). Text-area size is 86mm x 144mm. For pocket-size books, page size is 4" x 6-1/4" (102mm x 159mm). Text-area size is 84mm x 145mm. Magazine-size book page size is 7" x 9" (178mm x 228mm). Text-area size is the same as the English publication. Bi12 page size is 4-1/2" x 6-1/2" (114mm x 165mm). Text-area size is 92mm x 147mm. If a set number of pages is established for a particular publication, you should adjust text composition and/or wording to fit your language translation into the I allotted space.
42. In supplying art proofs or film to a printing branch that uses offset rotary presses endeavor to keep your publications in 32-page units. Ten signatures make a book of 320 pages; twelve signatures, 384; and so forth.
43. Should it ever be necessary to produce art proofs oversize they must be in proportion to the final page. The proper proportions may be secured by running a line diagonally through the print on a standard-size page from the lower left-hand corner through the upper right-hand corner and extended to the extremity desired. Next, extend the left-hand and bottom margins. By then drawing in the right-hand and upper margin to close the rectangle a proportionate-size page can be reached. This can be reduced to the proper size by photographic reduction. It is important that all pages for a given publication as supplied in art-proof or artwork form be of identical length and width measurements. No line of characters should be allowed to exceed the maximum width measurement by any amount, no matter how small. Similarly, all pages should be of the same length if at all possible, but the longest page should not exceed the maximum allowed for the established size of the publication. All pages must be photographed at one camera setting based on the largest page dimensions, and even one over-width or over-length page requires that the whole publication be reduced by the amount determined from the over-standard page.
44. When a page is prepared in proportionately larger size and contains an illustration, the space allotted in the page for the illustration must also be increased in the same proportion as the whole page. Only if the space for the illustration is also proportionately enlarged will it be possible to insert the actual illustration after the page is reduced to actual size. If you need more details on this matter write the United States Branch.
45. Good quality should be maintained on any art proofs or film sent in. There must be no wrinkles, creases, or tears in the proofs, nor stains or smudges that might show up when the proofs are processed photographically. On all text material it is very important that the density of blackness be consistent over the entire page and from page to page. This needs to be checked closely.
46. New artwork prepared for magazine article titles should be sent to the printing branch in ready-to-photograph form, using opaque white paper but not tracing paper. If the printing branch is expected to prepare the artwork, sufficient time should be allowed for at least one proofreading by the translating branch. Copy supplied for artwork, titles, and illustrations should be typewritten, clearly showing the desired capitalization and word arrangement. The original English word should be shown under the corresponding translated word or words in a title, to guide proper artwork design. If in preparing the artwork, layout lines are used to line up the lettering, a light blue pencil should be used for the layout lines and NOT a black lead pencil. The light blue will not photograph. The text and illustrations to print should be dense black, with clean sharp outlines.
47. We feel sure that the overseers who are acquainted with printing to any extent at all will see the importance of having things right in the beginning, because if there is an error in proofs or film and that error is printed, then thousands of errors will be printed. If you have an edition of 100,000 of a publication, there are going to be 100,000 mistakes made. That is why it is so important that the text be correct. The branch committee coordinator should see to it that good copy or clean proofs are always provided. Then when the literature is printed it will be something that the publishers of the whole country will be proud of and happy to have.
48. THE PRINTING OF MAGAZINES: Accuracy in determining the printing ( quantity is important to ensure having enough copies to fill orders while not having many left over, which would waste time and money. Therefore, printing quantities should be carefully determined based on the following figures: subscriptions (current, new subscriptions expected, and renewals expected), distributors' orders from congregations (regular orders, special orders on hand, and special orders anticipated for special issues), waste during mailing operations, and a small amount for stock quantity (no more than 25-100 copies for most small languages).
49. At times there may be a shortage of a particular issue. In the case of shortages "second" quality magazines may be used. Also, to avoid the need for small reprints, some of the regular distributors' orders may be reduced in quantity if the shortage is noted during mailing. In such case the congregation account would be credited. Subscriptions should always be mailed before distributors' orders. All of the paid subscribers copies should be mailed even if there is a shortage. If an issue goes out of stock after the mailing of the current subscriptions and regular distributors' orders are completed, it is not necessary to reprint the issue. Reprints may be made for a specially advertised issue or issues on which there are large quantities of late orders. On an offset rotary press, 2-3,000 is generally the minimum quantity that would warrant a reprint.
50. In order to handle leftover magazines due to small overruns, after the main mailing of subscriptions and distributors orders is completed, take an inventory. Deduct the amount needed for expected new subscriptions and renewals and the few copies for stock. The remainder should be mailed out as soon as possible as "EXTRAS." Mail them to the congregations in your country or in a country which uses large quantities of that language. To accomplish the sending out of extras, follow through a consecutive list of congregations, sending about 5% of the amount of the regular distributors' order to each congregation until the leftover quantity is exhausted. Indicate on the list where you leave off so that you can begin with the next congregation the next time you need to send out extras. When the end of the list is reached, start over from the beginning. On the label for these extras include the word "EXTRA" at the top so that the congregation will know why they are receiving these magazines. Congregations are not charged for these magazines. The congregation can distribute them in the same way as the regular distributors' copies and the monies received can be applied to their magazine account. If this arrangement is new in your country you may inform the congregations about it by means of Our Kingdom Ministry. The intent should be to hold such overruns to a minimum.
51. As to the type of paper used for printing The Watchtower and Awake!, this is determined by the Publishing Committee. New language editions of the magazines may be started on newsprint or a paper using a large percentage of ground wood. If the income for magazines is not sufficient to cover a better quality of paper, continue to use such less expensive paper on The Watchtower. If it is thought practical to print The Watchtower on a better quality paper than Awake!, your reasons and recommendations should be submitted to the Publishing Committee for consideration.
52. It is not necessary for branches to use a second color in addition to the black unless you know that the Society can bear the cost and that it will add something to the magazine in the way of distribution. It is fully appreciated that many branches would like to have their magazines in two or more colors, but this is a matter to be decided by the Publishing Committee. Can the Society afford to print your edition in color? There is no objection to your making recommendations and showing the Publishing Committee how it can be done and what costs will be involved. At all times we are anxious to improve the standard of the magazine and increase its circulation. If a Branch Committee believes color would help and the costs would be covered by the distribution of subscriptions and distributors copies, the Committee should make its recommendation.
53. The Watchtower and Awake! in all languages should be able to bear their own costs. The production and distribution costs of the various language magazines should be covered by receipts from subscriptions and from distributors' copies. Printing branches should receive enough money to cover the cost of translation, paper, typesetting, and mailing, with a little excess if that is possible for advancing Kingdom interests in your own country. It is not desirable that magazines be offered to the people at less than the cost of printing and distributing them. Magazines should support themselves. The Society may need to subsidize the publication of new editions of magazines. but in time each should bear its own burden.
54. MULTILANGUAGE ELECTRONIC PHOTOTYPESETTING SYSTEM (MEPS): This is the Society's own computer-driven typesetting system With it virtually any language can be typeset and composed and output produced by the MEPSetter for photographing and eventual printing by the offset method. Most printing branches are or will be equipped with this system. A maximum of four graphics terminals can be operated on one MEPS computer unit. Personal computers can be attached on a network link to MEPS. These can be used to enter text in many languages. These PC's can also be used for word processing, subscription and magazine handling, literature order entry and inventory control, as well as invoice preparation and other related office functions.
55. Publication copy may be dual entered and compared by the computer to save proofreading time when working from manuscript. Translators may enter text directly as they work or typists can enter text from dictation equipment. Normal proofreading and editing can be done until the text is clean and ready to release for composing and output on the MEPSetter. All types of work can be done on the MEPS: forms, handbills, magazines, tracts, booklets, brochures, books, Bibles, etc.
56. TRAINING AND MAINTENANCE: Operators should be properly trained, I and, whenever possible, back-up volunteers should be trained to serve in the absence of the regular operators. Since this is a complex electronic system, it is imperative to have skilled technicians trained to maintain the MEPS system. This may require sending someone to Brooklyn or one of the maintenance centers, such as Germany, Japan, or South Africa, for adequate training. This may take four or five months. Since the system is the Society s, manuals will be provided for both hardware and software. As improvements and updates are made in the system, maintenance volunteers should familiarize themselves well with such adjustments. It is the desire to keep all of the MEPS systems at the same level so work can be moved around easily and so that programs will run in any branch having a similarly configured MEPS. This will require that as soon as a new release update is received at the branch it should be implemented into your MEPS. To operate properly, the MEPS requires a clean, air-conditioned environment free of dust and static electricity. Hardware and software problems encountered when using the MEPS system should be reported properly on the ' MEPS Problem Report" form. It is important to do this so fixes can be made and the software especially be kept problem free. This information is also
beneficial in making improvements in the system.
57. SECURITY: The Branch Committee, factory overseer and all other responsible volunteers must be concerned to maintain the integrity of the data kept in the MEPS system. Proper logon procedures and other security measures should be observed. A system of copying the data to diskette or tape should be regularly employed as a safety measure to preserve data in case of emergencies, power failures, etc.
58. FONT SELECTION: The MEPS system uses type fonts that the Society has digitized, that is, converted to electronic form. Should additional letters or accents be required in any language, a branch order should be submitted for the Graphics Department's Font Digitizing section to produce them. Generally font selection will follow the English for style of face used in a given publication. In languages that use other alphabets or scripts, there is a more limited selection. However, adequate fonts are available to produce an attractive publication. If additional typefaces are desired in such languages, then a branch order would need to be submitted for such and a covering letter explaining the need. If approved, artwork for all characters in the language would be required, or proofs of existing hot metal fonts for use in creating images that would be digitized. This process requires several months' time.
59. SPECIAL ACCENTS: The Society s Roman-based fonts have a large set of international accents that cover most of the languages in which the Society is presently printing. Should additional letters or accents be required in any language, a branch order should be submitted for the Font Digitizing Department to produce them. Artwork or a sketch showing what is required should accompany the branch order and also some written explanation explaining its need, use and placement in the font.
60. NEW LANGUAGE ACCENTS AND STYLE: The accents needed to set a new language as well as its rules of typography and grammar are often available from local universities. Officially accepted standards are ~t hat should be used. If the e is no official standard for a certain aspect of typesetting, then what is current typographical practice in quality publications can serve as a guide. Consulting all concerned beforehand will help since there may be practical considerations involved, and informing all concerned afterward in writing will be appreciated by everyone. In order to get all the needed information a "Language Information" questionnaire should be filled out. Please request blank questionnaires from Brooklyn.
61. OPERATOR TRAINING: Instruction should be steady but not rushed. It generally takes two weeks for a student to learn the basics of the machine and to reach an acceptable level of accuracy on the keyboard so as to be able to operate fairly independently and do production work. To become proficient at composition requires more time, several months to become productive. MEPS manuals are provided for such training.
62. There is a variety of keyboard fingering systems in use in the industry. With each language comes a suggested keyboard layout. However, with the "Redefine" function an operator can tailor the keyboard to his liking on the MEPS.
63. COOPERATION WITH PROOFREADING: It has been found advantageous to give proofreaders a brief course on the MEPS operation so that they are acquainted with its capabilities. This helps measurably in communication between the two departments.
64. JOB AND FLATBED PRINTING: The reason for printing is to enable people to read and gain knowledge. Therefore, it is essential to give careful attention to printing in order ~o provide good quality, representative of the truth. After typesetting and camera preparation of the negatives the first operation is the preparing of the stripped up flats. Then offset plates are made. Care must be exercised in each procedure to produce a quality printed page.
65. The next step is the feeding and delivering on the press. Good operation here depends on a well-cleaned air system, well-maintained suction cups, and good mechanical adjustment. Caution should always be taken to make certain that the margins are proper before printing begins
66. The quality of printing depends basically upon (1) proper packing of both plate and blanket cylinders to get the right impression, (2) properly set ink and water rollers, and (3) ink and water adjustment. It is very essential to keep rollers in good condition. It is not economical to try to run rollers beyond the point of their expected life. The rollers should always be true round and have a good, tacky surface. The ink rollers should be washed down every night to avoid caking of ink. Sometimes the plate may ( need to be gummed up if the press has to sit idle awhile, and later washed before starting to print again. The quality of printing is highly dependent, too, on correct ink distribution, which should be constantly watched and kept in adjustment.
67. Setoff, which is wet ink transferred from one sheet to another, is a constant hazard to printing where dryers are not used. It can easily be caused by too much ink and water being used or by the wrong type of ink for the particular paper being used. Setoff can also be caused by allowing the pile of printed sheets to stack too high. A third cause is the lifting up of the pile unevenly when you are inspecting during the time of printing and before the ink is dry. A fourth cause is the cutting of the material before it is sufficiently dried. All these steps should be watched carefully, because a well-arranged print job and a well-printed job can be ruined in the last stages with setoff.
68. Static electricity is another problem quite often found present around presses. One simple operation that is often very effective is to get a cord of copper tinsel and stretch it across the press so that the surface of the sheet will come in contact with the tinsel as it passes underneath it just before piling. The tinsel should be tied to metal parts of the press to act as a ground. On larger presses a "static eliminator" device may be required.
69. Good production of a press can be obtained by careful organization on the part of the pressman and a well-maintained machine that is operated at a proper speed. By organization we also mean to have the work so well planned in the order of printing of the different jobs as to minimize the amount of time a press is not running. Generally, the next job for the press should be readied in the stripping and platemaking areas while the previous job is running on the press. The cleanliness of the machine with proper lubrication is also essential to maintain a good quality of production.
70. OFFSET PRINTING: On job work in Brooklyn and most branches we are printing everything by means of lithographic or offset printing. All that we need to make a plate to print with this process is copy that is clear, with good contrast. We can take an existing form from stock for this. We then take a photograph with a process camera that exposes a negative. The negative then is placed over an inexpensive lithographic plate and exposed to a bright light. We use a plate exposure light that shines through the negative onto the light-sensitive plate. The plate then becomes harder where the light shines through. With a chemical developer (supplied by the plate maker), we develop the plate. The developer makes the area where the letters have been exposed greasier, adding a coat of material where the image or type was on the negative.
71. Then the plate is put on the press. The press puts water on the plate first. The water does not stick on the greasy image area, but it does flow across the rest of the plate, wetting it. Then ink rollers come across the plate. The ink sticks only on the greasy areas, and not where the water is. Then the plate comes n contact with a rubber blanket that is pliable yet firm, especially prepared to accept the ink from the plate. The paper is pressed between the rubber blanket that now has the image in ink on it, and a steel impression cylinder. The ink comes off the blanket onto the paper, and the form is printed.
72. INK: In acquiring -.k it is not always the lowest-priced ink that turns out to be the cheapest. ink. The way to determine the value of the ink is by figuring the number of impressions obtained per pound. Whenever you purchase ink you should always consult with the inkmaker, submitting samples of paper so as to obtain ink suitable for the particular press and type of paper you will use. Many branches get their ink from Brooklyn where it is made in ou ink Room. There is no objection to branches buying ink locally if a good supplier can be found. Before ordering ink from Brooklyn the cost of local ink should be taken into consideration. With government restrictions it is becoming increasingly difficult to ship ink and chemicals.
73. If at any time you desire to obtain ink from Brooklyn, you should always send along a sample of the paper (8-1j2" x 11") that the ink is to be used on; also tell us the type and speed of press on which you print.
74. OBTAINING MACHINERY: It is usually not worthwhile to acquire old or heavily-worn machines, even free. It costs too much to make them work properly. Brand new machines are not always necessary, however. Used machines of recent mc~ufacture are often as good, and much less expensive.
75. CARE OF MACHINERY: The best maintenance is preventive maintenance. It is more economical and practical to keep a machine well maintained than to let it be neglected and break down. This will be more expensive and cause greater delay. Therefore, regularly scheduled machine inspection should be followed.
76. Lubrication is the life of the machine. It is good from time to time to have a person with a good understanding of the machinery, possibly a plant mechanic, check over all the machines to make certain that all points are being lubricated. A most vital and essential part of the machine operation is proper lubrication, seeing that all the oil holes are kept clean so that oil gets to the proper place. It is better to oil a machine more frequently with a small amount of oil than with a large amount less frequently, as then a greater portion runs off the machine unused. This is wasteful and is not good for the machine. as it runs with less lubrication.
77. Cleanliness of the machine is very important. It gives increased life to the machine and results in a better quality of production. Eighty-five percent of all machine problems are caused by dirt. Therefore, the machines as well as the whole work area should be kept clean. To help ensure this, there are daily, weekly, monthly, and semi-annual chores to be performed that should not be neglected under any circumstances. Negligence, particularly in the daily chores, can quickly ruin major parts of the machine. However, one rule that should always be followed is: A machine should never be cleaned while it is in motion. This is too dangerous, in that the cloth may get caught in the machine and result in injury to the operator of the machine.
,8. It is too often thought that production comes by speed, but this is not the case. A machine should not run above a practical speed. It is not speed that makes production; it is steadiness. Therefore, if a machine is run at a practical speed. it will result in better quality as well as satisfactory production and a longer life for the machine and less strain on the operator.
79. SAFETY: We do not want to have anyone get hurt working around machinery; to prevent this requires effective safety measures. Any part of the machine that appears to be dangerous should have proper guards installed so that volunteers are protected. You should always watch that all guards are used and in position. Whenever a new person is assigned a machine, explain to him each section of the entire machine and caution him about any dangerous things to avoid. All machine operators should be constantly cautioned as to the importance of safety. In recent y ears governments have been requiring volunteers working in noisy areas or on loud presses and machinery to wear hearing protection such as ear plugs, ear muffs, etc. Also, steps to deaden or lessen the sound to acceptable levels must be taken. Branch Committees, factory overseers, and department overseers should become acquainted with what is required and see that some reasonable measures are taken to comply with such regulations for the good of all.
80. The Brooklyn factory has a press manual for the converted MAN offset rotary presses. You may order one if you have such a rotary press.
81. UNUSED MACHINERY: If you have machinery that has not been used for some time but can be made to produce, do not dispose of it without getting permission from the Publishing Committee. It may be that it can be sent to another branch. Inform the Publishing Committee in a separate memo containing necessary data sent with your annual report if you have any machines not in use.
82. SILK SCREEN PROCESS FOR PLACARDS AND WINDOW SIGNS: This process is explained on pages 121 to 123 of the 1965 edition of Branch Office Procedure.
83. DUPLICATING METHODS: There are a number of methods that can be used to duplicate publications if printed material is not available for one
reason or another. These include offset duplicators, copiers, mimeographs, and spirit duplicators. Some branches use offset duplicators or mimeograph machines for producing limited editions of such items as the Watchtower magazine, Our Kingdom Ministry, Examining the Scriptures Daily and other publications in various languages.
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