The 144,000 are a literal number of literal descendants—the remnant—of the twelve tribes of Israel. That's what the scriptures say, and that's what the only book of the word which belongs to the Word of God says, and he means it.
The great crowd of all nations include those who are of Israel and Judah (remember, Jews were just from the southern kingdom of Judah, and ten tribes of Israel exited stage left and became "the lost sheep of the house of Israel" which the shepherd came for before opening the ministry after his death to all mankind).
Hosea is a prophecy about the nation or kingdom of Israel, not Judah, just Israel. When Jacob died he gave the birthright (rights of first born) to Joseph, more specifically to Joseph's son Ephraim, which included bearing his name, Israel. Judah on the other hand was given the right to kingdom rule. Check out all the promises given to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and you'll see that there's a division of what went where. Thus when the two kingdom's split after Solomon's demise, Judah became "Judah" and the 10-tribes of the north continued to be known as "Israel". When Israel went to fight Judah shortly thereafter we first find the use of "Jew" in the scriptures. (Kings is the history according to Israel, and the Chronicles according to Judah.) Why harp on all this? Because I'm not sure how anyone makes any true sense of the scriptures without recognizing that "the house of Judah" is not the same as "the house of Joseph/Ephraim/Samaria/Israel". Back to Hosea, Israel was no longer shown Mercy, and their name was taken away as they were told that they were no longer God's people. YET read that book. Man is that a torrid love story if ever one was written! Can you take back an adulterous lover who you never rejected? Nope. And look at how passionately he writes about his beloved and unfaithful Israel (after chapter 1).
Also, check that out. Hosea speaks of the scattering of the seed, and the great day of planting. That's a clever play on words—the Yizre’el of Yisra'el. (Remember there is no "J". "J" is just a decorative "I", same we know that God's name is not nor ever was Jehovah.)
Israel was going to go sow their wild oats, spreading their seed all over the sea of mankind.
Read that again and picture it as graphically as you can. Israel was going to be scattered into the people of the nations with whom they'd spread their sperma bringing Abraham's promised seed promises through Joseph/Ephraim into a graphic reality—"You will be the father of a multitude of nations."
You know how those whores have that troublesome habit of calling out the wrong name in bed?
It will be in that day,” says Yehowah,
“that you will call me ‘my husband,’‡
and no longer call me ‘my master.’§
For I will take away the names of the Baals** out of her mouth,
and they will no longer be mentioned by name.
‡2:16: ”Ishi” means literally, “my man”.
§2:16: ”Bali” means literally, “my lord”.
**2:17: ”Baal” means literally “Lord” however it refers to false gods, such as “Baal-Zebub” or “Baal-Gad”, and not to whom Christian's refer to as "the Lord"
††2:22: Yizre’el, “God Sows”, means both “to scatter” and “to plant”.
‡‡2:23: the scattered are planted
§§2:23: the children of Israel, not Judeans
I digressed a bit there, but the point is that this is all directed towards Israel, not Judah (the Jews) and meant to come true, as simply as he put:
I will betroth you to me forever.
Yes, I will betroth you to me in righteousness,
in justice, in loving kindness, and in compassion.
I will even betroth you to me in faithfulness;
and you shall know Yehowah.
The children of Judah and the children of Israel will be gathered together.
Out of the children of Judah and the children of Israel there are 144,000. Someone said there were never 12 tribes, alas there were always 12 tribes, despite all the machinations which the devil attempted to destory God's plan of twelve—twelve sons of Jacob, twelve apostles, twelve is the number even after Judas, right?
The united kingdom of Israel always used a similar fashion when convening in war or military formation.
The Great Crowd is, as you said, of all people and nations, and thus includes descendents from the kingdoms of Israel, and of Judah, and all the other nations of the earth. It's just a marvel that so many of the nations of the earth are populated by actual descendants of the scattered seed of Israel who are 'not his people' because they don't realize that they are 'his people' by birthright.
Of those some are circumcised of heart, and others are not. The same way as some Jews were not circumcised of heart, though circumcised of flesh.
Thus opens the answer to who do the 144,000 rule over on earth, if the great crowd is in heaven—a stumper for Witnesses.
Daniel shows that at Armageddon the kings who live are stripped of their power, but allowed to live a little while longer. Likewise Revelation 20 tells a simple story of the actual events, in a simple linear fashion of the thousand years. Recall you've got the kings stripped but alive, Satan bound and tossed, then the 144k who all died in service brought back, as well as those pictured who came out of the great tribulation dressed the same as the other humans in heaven—all in white. The rest of the dead don't come back to life in any way shape or form until after the thousand years have ended. Meanwhile back on planet earth you have a bunch of people—we could call them Jehovah's Witnesses, plus all others who were slaves to men instead of recognizing Christ's call as head. They fell pray to the false Christ's kingdom—Christendom—and thus he never got to know them. But he and his father are great guys, so those folks get to come to know who the Truth is, and go to the great camp out around Jerusalem. Remember that whole thing of Israel being restored, and people grabbing hold of the skirt of Jews traveling back home to the promised land saying "let us go with you, for we heard that God is with you people"?
Abraham was also promised that his descendants would be as the stars in the sky, if he could number them. While the 144,000 are his descendants, those are very clearly numbered—aren't they? Alas, he was also to become the father of a multitude of nations. (I like when translations use the same rendering throughout—the great multitude of nations, from Genesis to Revelation!) Those are the unnumbered like the stars of the sky—as Daniel says they'll shine brightly!
And yet Abraham was also promised that his descendants would number as the sands of the sea—and the majority of Israel had a earthly hope under the old covenant, while there were a few in Hebrews were discussed who had received the anointing. Those are the people who live through Armageddon and make a choice either to gather as "the nations" in the four corners of the earth to await Satan's release, or to gather as "holy ones" to camp out as God's people around his beloved city awaiting the last events after the thousand years—Satan's destruction, and the descent of the New Jerusalem.
Those are the people that are judged by those in heaven, and ruled over. Christ handles those who are dead, and those bought from among the earth handle those who live through the last days.
The Great Crowd (or multitude of nations) and the 144,000, are in heaven and share a common trait of having been believers of as defined by faith and responded to Christ's invitation. (Many invited but few are chosen to marriage feast of the king's son, but many will come from the east and the west to eat at the table with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven!) Those are the Lamb's bride (144k) who with the great crowd are the body of Christ. (Man and wife become one; or Lamb and wife in this case.) The assembly of Christ and his anointed guests.
The assembly of God is not forgotten on earth—the meek shall inherit the earth—even if they failed to recognize the calling of Christ while they had the time to recognize his voice in faith and thus receive the reward of the faithful in heaven. Both the Great Crowd and the 144k are in heaven before Armageddon, and even earlier before God's wrath is poured out on the earth.
I've been working on simply compiling the scriptures (by chapters or books) into the sequence of events, and began with the thousand years. See here if interested. I would love to discuss scripture with folks who are concerned with what the Word says, apart from what we were taught. I'd love input and feedback!
I don't believe in religion. That's with all thanks to the Watchtower, who taught me all religion was false religion—Christendom. So once I learned that they too were standing in the place of the Son of Man and attempting to act as if God, where he'd already chosen and sent his representative... well that's when I learned that it was true—all religion is false religion. The truth is a man, and he is the Word of God...
Jesus said, “I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one can come to the Father except through me."
"For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus."
"The Word became human and lived among us. We saw his glory. It was the glory that the Father shares with his only Son, a glory full of kindness and truth."
"Sanctify them in the truth; your word is truth."
"I will ask the Father to give you another Helper, to be with you always. He is the Holy Spirit, who leads into all truth.
The world cannot receive him, because it isn't looking for him and doesn't recognize him.
But you know him, because he lives with you now and later will be in you….
When the Spirit of truth comes, He will guide you into all the truth.
For He will not speak on His own, but He will speak whatever He hears.
He will also declare to you what is to come."
From those who believe in "spiritual Israel" or "spiritual Jews" then how is the 144,000 out of all Israel, but the great crowd out of all nations? Wouldn't they be "spiritual Israel" too?