Specifically, "rice Christians" were those Chinese converts who joined the churches of the missionaries in China mainly to get a good square meal rather than for faith. Many continued to practice their old beliefs when not in association with the mission church. When China opened up for missionary service, nearly all the denominations sent in representatives. They saw great poverty and starvation in China. So, they established medical clinics and "soup kitchens." The term "rice Christians" is now used to mean any superficial convert that joins a church for its material benefits rather than for faith.
Many missionaries and their converts were killed during the times of unrest in China such as the Boxer Rebellion. To the Chinese, any "foreign devil" was a danger to their country and culture. They made no distinction between the religious and commercial differences.