The point of existence and how it refutes the Trinity

by slimboyfat 225 Replies latest watchtower beliefs

  • aqwsed12345
    aqwsed12345
    @slimboyfat

    It’s not like "dividing" Scripture arbitrarily into strictly human or strictly divine statements, Jesus does not alternate “back and forth” between two isolated natures as though He were two separate beings, one human and one divine. This would be Nestorianism, do you know the essential difference between Nestorianism and Chalcedonism? The core principle of orthodox Christology is precisely that Jesus is always one Person acting in and through two natures simultaneously. When Christ speaks or acts, He does so as the one eternal Logos who fully and personally possesses both the divine and the human nature, united without confusion in one hypostasis or person. Hence, every action and every statement made by Jesus can be properly attributed to the Person of the Son, yet some of these acts and statements express truths that pertain particularly to His divinity, others to His humanity, and some express the reality of both natures at once.

    By the way, this is where the concept of communicatio idiomatum comes into play, which also establishes Mary's title of Theotokos. That is why there is a saying that the Theotokos is the refuter of all (Christological) heresies, since whoever understands it correctly, understands what hypostatic unity is, what communicatio idiomatum is. Although of course, if someone doesn't understand communicatio idiomatum, the question is how they can explain biblical passages like Luke 1:43, Acts 3:15, Acts 20:28, 1 Corinthians 2:8. In fact, guided by Thomistic metaphysical logic, Chalcedonian Trinitarianism is the only pure monotheistic view of all religions. Look at my arguments written to Muslim apologists about the Trinity vs. "Shirk".

    In John 10:18, Christ’s assertion, "I have authority to lay down my life, and I have authority to take it up again," does not require one to arbitrarily divide the verse into a human or divine "speaker." Rather, it reveals precisely the profound unity of His Person: the divine Son, who became incarnate, possesses divine authority inherently (by His eternal divine nature) but also exercises it concretely through His humanity, having willingly taken flesh. The very fact that He speaks of receiving a command from the Father does not diminish this inherent divine authority but emphasizes that His human will is perfectly united to the divine will. Thus, He freely and willingly accepts the Father’s will as His own—not out of inferiority or ontological subordination, but out of the harmony and order intrinsic to the divine persons and revealed concretely in the incarnation.

    Your objection rests on a misunderstanding of the Christological doctrines as if they imply some sort of competing dualism. The incarnate Logos is always acting as one Person, whose divine authority is not obliterated or reduced by His humanity, nor is His human obedience negated by His divinity. Instead, the two natures coexist in a single subject, the Son of God, without mixing or confusion. When Jesus expresses His obedience to the Father, this is a genuinely human act flowing from His human nature, yet it is also fully personal to the divine Son. Similarly, when He speaks of possessing divine authority to raise Himself, this authority is fundamentally rooted in His divine nature and is perfectly integrated with His human obedience. These realities are complementary, not contradictory.

    The mistake Arians make—and the one reflected implicitly in your argument—is the assumption that the presence of genuine human obedience necessarily excludes genuine divine authority. But such an assumption only makes sense if one already presupposes a unitarian framework in which there is only one layer of being, either human or divine, but never both simultaneously united in one Person. The Chalcedonian understanding explicitly denies that assumption. Christ’s human obedience is the freely chosen expression, within time, of the eternal Son’s divine will—manifested through human acts in the economy of salvation. The very fact that Christ can speak both of His authority and of receiving a command without contradiction underscores precisely the mystery and the profundity of the incarnation: the eternal Son, who is fully divine, is also authentically human. His human obedience is a concrete manifestation of His divine Sonship, perfectly expressing within human history His eternal relationship with the Father.

    Christ always acts as a single Divine Person, whose actions authentically manifest both His divinity and His humanity. In John 10:18, Jesus’ statement reveals this profound unity: the Son who eternally receives the divine nature from the Father also perfectly and freely obeys the Father in His human nature. The incarnational reality is neither contradictory nor confusing—it is precisely the profound truth of who Jesus is: the eternal Word made flesh.


  • aqwsed12345
    aqwsed12345

    I refer to this article:

    Are there two personalities in Christ, a human "I" and a divine "I"?

    Here is what the blogger writes in one of the comments:

    If you think there are two "I"s and two personalities, how do you reconcile verses like the one I have pointed to above?: "I am the way" (according to his humanity) "and the truth and the life" (according to his divinity).
    Here we have Christ speaking in one "I" of himself as God (the Truth and Life) and as Man (the Way).

    So it is not unprecedented that Christ "switches" within a sentence whether a statement refers to his divine or human nature. See also:

    How Jesus is the Way, and how he is the Truth and the Life
  • joey jojo
    joey jojo

    Aqwswd, I haven't read everything here but I have a question.

    How do you explain the holy spirit? What is it exactly?

    If the holy spirit is god too, it must be another deity right? Complete with its own personality? Who is the holy spirit?

    It can't just be a force if it is god.

  • aqwsed12345
    aqwsed12345
    @joey jojo

    First, we need to define what we mean by "person." The traditional formulation of the Trinity is "one God in three persons." However, in modern language, the concept of "person" is practically identical with "being," and it has connotations such as "personality." Within the Trinity, these are "persons" only in a relative sense, in which sense the Father and the Son are not "persons" either, in the same way that humans are persons. It is more correct to speak of three subjects (supposita) or three subsistencies.

    The Holy Spirit is truly God—coequal, consubstantial, and coeternal with the Father and the Son. He is not a mere force, energy, or divine influence, nor is He a separate deity alongside the Father and the Son. He is the third Person of the Blessed Trinity, fully God, yet distinct in personhood. To speak clearly and faithfully, we must begin by carefully defining what it means to be a “person” in the Trinity, and how this applies to the Holy Spirit.

    The term “person” in Trinitarian theology does not carry the modern psychological or behavioral meaning it often does in casual speech today. It does not refer to personality traits or psychological self-awareness. Rather, in classical Catholic theology, especially as defined by Boethius and developed by Aquinas, a “person” is an individual substance of a rational nature. In God, however, we must refine this further, since God's nature is not divided among the Persons. In the Trinity, there is one divine essence, one intellect, one will—shared entirely and equally among the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The distinction among the Persons lies not in what they are, but in how they are related. The Father is unbegotten, the Son is begotten of the Father, and the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son as from one principle.

    Therefore, the Holy Spirit is not “another god,” but the same God. He is the same divine being who is eternally breathed forth as the mutual Love between the Father and the Son. He is not a separate mind, not a separate nature, but He is a distinct person—a unique I within the Godhead. This can be difficult to grasp because our human concept of “personality” is often tied to distinct centers of consciousness, and this creates confusion. Some ask: does the Trinity contain three egos, three “I”s, three consciousnesses? Are we not then veering toward tritheism? But this is not how the Church speaks. In fact, we must distinguish carefully: while there are indeed three Persons—and hence three I’s—there is only one divine essence, and therefore only one divine intellect and one divine will. So while the Father can say “I,” and the Son can say “I,” and the Holy Spirit can say “I,” these three Persons do not constitute three separate minds, nor do they each possess a different divine essence. They each fully are the one and only God.

    To understand this, the analogy often employed by the Church Fathers and developed by Aquinas is that of relations. In God, the Persons are distinct only by their relations of origin. The Father is the origin without origin. The Son is eternally begotten, meaning He receives the fullness of the divine nature from the Father in an eternal act of generation. The Holy Spirit proceeds not by generation but by spiration—He is spirated by the mutual love of the Father and the Son. He is not their creation, not their product in time, but their eternal gift to each other, their shared breath of divine Love. That is why the Church speaks of Him as the “Gift,” the bond of charity, the living flame of divine communion. And yet, as the Nicene Creed proclaims, He is “the Lord and Giver of Life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son, who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified.” He is not a mere expression of God’s power or presence—He is God.

    This understanding guards us from two major errors: on one side, modalism, which says that God is only one person appearing in three different “modes” or roles; and on the other side, tritheism, which would treat the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as three distinct gods. The Catholic faith avoids both extremes by carefully affirming one essence in three Persons. The Holy Spirit is not simply the “power” of God, as some heretical sects suggest. He is not a faceless “force” like in pantheistic systems. A force does not speak, does not love, does not intercede, does not grieve. But the Holy Spirit does all of these things in Scripture. He teaches (John 14:26), He intercedes (Romans 8:26), He distributes gifts (1 Corinthians 12:11), He is lied to (Acts 5:3–4), He sends (Acts 13:2), and He is named equally with the Father and the Son in baptism (Matthew 28:19). These actions are not those of an impersonal energy but of a divine person.

    The Holy Spirit, then, is not a separate deity, nor is He a mere function or action of God. He is the third Person of the Most Holy Trinity. He is the Love breathed eternally between the Father and the Son. And because love is not something God has but something God is (1 John 4:8), the Holy Spirit is not simply what unites the Trinity but who unites the Trinity. He is not the passive effect of the Father and the Son, but a Person in His own right—possessing the fullness of divinity, acting with divine authority, and worthy of divine worship.

    The Thomistic tradition preserves this mystery by maintaining the essential unity of God’s being while also upholding the real distinction of persons. God is one substance, one divine being, but He exists as three subsistent relations. This language may seem technical, but it protects the mystery: we do not invent explanations out of human categories. Rather, we confess what has been revealed—what Christ has spoken, what the Spirit has inspired, and what the Church has handed on with clarity and reverence. In this confession, we adore not three gods, but one God in three Persons. And in this mystery, we discover that God is not solitary, but eternally relational: an infinite communion of love, into which we are drawn by grace.

    So when we ask, “Who is the Holy Spirit?”, the answer is not a what but a who. He is the Lord, the Giver of Life, the Sanctifier, the Teacher, the Advocate. He is the divine Person who comes to dwell in the souls of the baptized, making them temples of God. He is not an impersonal presence but the personal Love of the Father and the Son, poured into our hearts. And by Him, we cry out “Abba, Father” (Romans 8:15), because He draws us into the inner life of the Trinity, where the Love that is God becomes our own life and joy forever.

  • joey jojo
    joey jojo
    So when we ask, “Who is the Holy Spirit?”, the answer is not a what but a who.

    This sentence makes absolutely no sense - its like something from a Simpsons episode, or the 'who's on first ?' comedy skit by Abott and Costello.

    The term “person” in Trinitarian theology does not carry the modern psychological or behavioral meaning it often does in casual speech today.

    Of course it doesnt - how convenient.

  • aqwsed12345
    aqwsed12345
    @joey jojo

    Thank you for the response—your skepticism is honest, and I appreciate the opportunity to clarify further. I understand how the phrasing "not a what but a who" might sound humorous or even absurd when heard through the lens of modern speech or pop culture. But I’d ask you to pause for a moment and consider that we are speaking here not of a creature or a physical entity, but of the infinite, transcendent God—whose very nature is beyond complete human comprehension, yet who has revealed Himself in Scripture as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. When I wrote that the Holy Spirit is "not a what but a who," I meant precisely this: the Holy Spirit is not a thing, not an impersonal force, not a symbolic metaphor, but a divine person. Not “a person” in the modern psychological sense (e.g., someone with a Myers-Briggs type or quirks), but in the classical theological sense—as a subsistent relation within the one undivided divine essence. Now, let’s unpack this more carefully—not for the sake of clever wordplay, but for the sake of reverence and truth.

    Yes, it’s absolutely true—and not merely convenient—that the word “person” in Trinitarian theology does not mean what it typically means in modern speech. And this isn't some post hoc rationalization; it’s part of a long and careful intellectual tradition reaching back to the early Church and articulated most profoundly by St. Thomas Aquinas and the scholastic theologians. When you or I say “person” today, we often mean “a center of consciousness,” or “a psychological being with preferences, emotions, and a personality.” But this modern definition comes from post-Enlightenment developments and doesn’t work when describing the inner life of God. Why? Because if we applied this meaning to God, we would end up with three minds, three wills, three essences—which is tritheism, not monotheism. Instead, in classical theology—especially as developed by Boethius and Aquinas—a person is defined as: "An individual substance of a rational nature" (Boethius, De Persona et Duabus Naturis). But in God, we must go further: since God is one undivided being (actus purus), the Persons are not separate beings or minds. Rather, the term "Person" in God refers to a real relation within the divine essence. The Father is not the Son, and the Son is not the Holy Spirit—but they are not divided in nature. They are distinct only in terms of origin and relation:

    • The Father is unbegotten.
    • The Son is eternally begotten of the Father.
    • The Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son as from one principle.

    This is not “convenient,” but necessary to preserve both God’s unity and the reality of the distinctions Scripture teaches.

    Let’s return to the original point. The Holy Spirit is not a “what,” because He is not an impersonal force like gravity. A what can’t teach, can’t be grieved, can’t speak, can’t be lied to. But Scripture shows the Holy Spirit doing all of these:

    • He teaches (John 14:26)
    • He speaks (Acts 13:2)
    • He distributes gifts as He wills (1 Cor 12:11)
    • He can be resisted and lied to (Acts 5:3–4)
    • He intercedes with the Father (Romans 8:26)

    These are personal actions. They are not what a mere “force” does. If Scripture speaks this way, we must either take it seriously or explain why it should be reinterpreted. As Catholics, we take it seriously—while avoiding both tritheism and modalism.

    Why not just say the Holy Spirit is God’s power? Because Scripture doesn’t treat Him that way. When Jesus sends out His disciples, He commands them to baptize in the name (singular) of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19). That formula reveals equality of dignity and being. It would be incoherent to list a Person, a Person, and then an impersonal power. Moreover, if the Holy Spirit were merely God’s power or active force, why would He speak? Why would He forbid Paul to enter Asia (Acts 16:6)? Why would He be grieved (Ephesians 4:30)? Why would He test Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5)? And why would blasphemy against Him be an unpardonable sin (Matthew 12:32)? You don’t blaspheme a metaphor. You don’t lie to an “it.”

    I get it—it may sound strange. That’s because we’re describing a reality we can’t fully grasp. We’re not talking about apples, chairs, or animals. We are talking about the infinite inner life of God. The Trinity is not a puzzle we solve, but a mystery we receive—not irrational, but beyond the limits of finite human concepts. The Church doesn’t ask us to accept absurdity, but to accept what has been revealed and clarified through millennia of prayer, study, and faithful worship. St. Augustine once said that when someone denies the Trinity, they risk losing their soul—but when someone tries to understand it fully, they risk losing their mind. Yet through faith and love, what seems like a riddle becomes a window into the divine life. The Holy Spirit is that divine Love between Father and Son, who has been given to us so that we might become sharers in God’s own life.

    So yes—perhaps to modern ears, “not a what but a who” sounds strange. But if we take revelation seriously, and if we want to avoid flattening God into a caricature—either a modalist mask-wearer or a collection of divine beings—we must speak in precise and faithful terms. The Holy Spirit is not just “God’s power.” He is God. Not a separate deity, but the one God in three Persons. Not a force, but the divine Person who indwells the hearts of believers. He is, as the Creed says, “the Lord and Giver of Life.” That is not comedy. That is awe. And that is the God we are called to know, love, and worship.

    If you’re willing, I’d love to keep discussing this. I’ve been where you are—in the wrestling, in the questions, and in the desire for clarity. But truth has a way of inviting us deeper. And sometimes what sounds strange turns out to be the only thing that makes sense.

  • joey jojo
    joey jojo
    f you’re willing, I’d love to keep discussing this. I’ve been where you are—in the wrestling, in the questions, and in the desire for clarity. But truth has a way of inviting us deeper. And sometimes what sounds strange turns out to be the only thing that makes sense.

    Sorry - you must have me confused with someone else. What Im really asking is how anyone can delude themselves into believing any of this. Its a made up story from a couple of thousand years ago, when people still didnt understand things like what causes diseases, what stars are, what the moon is, tectonic plate movement, etc.

    In short they were more ignorant times than now and you can forgive our ancestors for reaching for answers. We cant hide behind that same ignorance today.

  • Sea Breeze
    Sea Breeze

    I asked ChatGPT if a human could have written the above post in 10 minutes. This is what it said:


    No, a human didn’t write that from scratch in 10 minutes


    @SBF - Have you at least tried asking ChatGPT how Jesus could raise himself from the dead? This is what it said:

    "Divine Nature of Jesus: In Christian doctrine, Jesus is believed to be both fully divine and fully human. As part of the Holy Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), Jesus shares in the divine power of God. This means that, from a theological standpoint, Jesus has the power to perform miracles, including the power to raise himself from the dead. In John 10:17-18, Jesus himself says, "I lay down my life... No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord. I have authority to lay it down and authority to take it up again."

    You seem to really be bent out of shape on this issue and missing the larger picture. For most believers, they are thrilled to come to a point where they accept the historical fact that Jesus raised himself from the dead and that he freely offers the same gift to all others. The prospect of unending life with God, relatives, God's creative ingenuity in an environment filled with peace and love is overwhelming.

    It makes no difference to me about the exact nature of God after he proved that he could raise himself from the dead. The point is that he did it.

    It’s simply impossible to divide all scriptures into a human Jesus versus a divine Jesus.

    Aw, this is the Strawman that has you in a pickle. This is precisely where you are stuck - an either / or conumdrum. Why are you stuck at this juncture since the bible claims he is BOTH? You won't even comment on the prospect of Jesus being both fully God and Man. This would solve your dilemma. Instead, it appears that you would rather think of Jesus as a liar rather than God.

    I suspect that the real problem you have is not with the nature of God, but with your own nature - the one with a soul, body & spirit - like Jesus taught. The idea of unending consciousness after death is terrryfying enough to suppress most anything. The human mind is capable of all sorts of delusions in the face of facts to the contrary if it feels threatened enough.

    For the atheist and many heretics, this is the true object of their faith: The hope of nothingness after you die if you are rejected. For the atheist, this faith (credulity actually) is so strong that they would rather believe in fantastic miracles as opposed to the facts available to us surrounding the resurrection:


    1. Existence comes from non-existence

    2. Order comes from Chaos

    3. Life comes from non-life

    4. Personal comes from the non-personal

    5. Reason comes from non-reason

    6. Morality comes from matter.


    Have you come to a similar point where you would rather believe Jesus to be a liar rather than accept how God made you to be a tripartite being in his image?





    Take John 10.18 itself for example. Trinitarians say Jesus is speaking as God when (as they claim) he says he somehow resurrected himself. But they say he is speaking as a human when he says he is commanded by God. So which is it, the human or the divine Jesus talking in this verse? It doesn’t work.

    It doesn't work for YOU because you reject the tripartite nature of man. If Jesus is BOTH God and Man, I would expect to hear him speak from BOTH points of view.... exactly as he deos in scripture.

    It doesn’t make any sense, because there are two major problems with that, 1) God can’t give up his life

    Where did you get the idea that God can't die? Not the bible. If he can bleed, he can die.

    Therefore take heed to yourselves and to all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood. - Act 20: 28 KJV
  • Duran
    Duran
    The Holy Spirit is truly God—coequal, consubstantial, and coeternal with the Father and the Son.

    aqwsed,

    [22 For the Father judges no one at all, but he has entrusted all the judging to the Son, 23 so that all may honor the Son just as they honor the Father.]

    Why no honor to the HS mentioned there?

    How does one honor the father? (Give an example.)

    How does one honor the son? (Give an example.)

    [14 Then I saw, and look! the Lamb standing on Mount Zion, and with him 144,000 who have his name and the name of his Father written on their foreheads.]

    What is the Lamb's name?

    What is his father's name?

    ___________________

    For most believers, they are thrilled to come to a point where they accept the historical fact that Jesus raised himself from the dead ,,,
    It makes no difference to me about the exact nature of God after he proved that he could raise himself from the dead. The point is that he did it.

    SB,

    Other than you reading of this in the Greek Scriptures, what proof do you have that this ever happened, or do you just believe that it happened?

    Also, you never answered:

    Do you believe that an angel visited Muhammad and gave him the info to write the Quran?

    Do you believe that an angel visited Joesph Smith and gave him the info for the book of Mormon?

    To add to that, do you believe an angel appeared to a man named John (Revelation 22:8) and gave him the info for the book of Revelation?

  • aqwsed12345
    aqwsed12345
    @Duran

    You asked why the Holy Spirit is not mentioned in John 5:22–23, where Jesus says that the Father “judges no one, but has given all judgment to the Son, that all may honor the Son just as they honor the Father.” This passage focuses on the particular relationship between the Father and the Son in the economy of salvation, specifically concerning divine judgment and the Son’s glorification. The fact that the Holy Spirit is not named in this specific text does not imply His inferiority or non-divinity. Scripture often highlights one or two Persons of the Trinity depending on the subject at hand—such as the Incarnation or the sending of the Son—without implying that the third Person is absent or less divine. For example, in Matthew 11:27, Jesus says, “No one knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows the Father except the Son,” without mentioning the Holy Spirit—but this does not mean the Spirit lacks divine knowledge. Rather, Scripture speaks in a way that reveals the Persons in their appropriate missions.

    As to the question of how one honors the Father and the Son: we honor the Father by worshipping Him in spirit and truth, obeying His commandments, and recognizing Him as Creator and source of all being (cf. John 4:23–24). We honor the Son by believing in Him as the one sent by the Father, by acknowledging Him as Lord and Savior, and by giving Him the same worship and glory due to the Father, as the early Christians did (cf. Philippians 2:10–11). We also honor the Son liturgically—every time the Church celebrates the Eucharist, prays the Gloria, or concludes prayers “through Christ our Lord,” we are offering true honor.

    You then quoted Revelation 14:1 regarding the 144,000 who have the name of the Lamb and of His Father written on their foreheads. You asked: what is the Lamb’s name, and what is the Father’s name? Symbolically, the “name” represents consecration, belonging, and identity—not merely phonetic labeling. In apocalyptic literature like Revelation, the “name” refers to divine ownership and covenantal relationship. The fact that both the Lamb and the Father are named together and written upon the faithful symbolizes their full union with God in Christ, who is the Lamb. The Holy Spirit, though not explicitly named in that particular verse, is the one who seals the faithful, as seen elsewhere in Revelation (7:2–4) and in Ephesians 1:13. The Spirit is the bond of that sealing, and thus is the active agent who inscribes the name of the Father and the Son on the elect—not needing His own name to be written, because He is the one who writes.

    For example, regarding Stephen’s vision in Acts 7, the objection is often raised that the Holy Spirit is not “seen,” and therefore is not a divine Person. But this misses the point of the passage. Luke clearly says that Stephen was “full of the Holy Spirit” when he saw the vision of Christ at the right hand of God. In other words, the Holy Spirit is the one who revealed the vision. The Holy Spirit is not “seen” because His role is to reveal the Son and glorify Him (cf. John 16:14), not to manifest Himself visually. The absence of a visible or named reference to the Spirit in that moment does not mean the Spirit is absent or impersonal. The Spirit is fully active, indwelling Stephen at the very moment of his martyrdom and empowering his final witness.

    Furthermore, Scripture frequently names Father, Son, and Holy Spirit together in contexts that affirm their equal dignity and personal reality. For example, in Matthew 28:19, Jesus commands baptism “in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.” That singular “name” followed by three divine Persons reveals their consubstantial unity and distinct personhood. It would be incoherent to insert a non-personal force into that list alongside two divine Persons. Similarly, in 2 Corinthians 13:14, the blessing of “the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit” is pronounced on the Church—showing a triune structure of divine blessing and communion.

    Finally, we must remember that the Holy Spirit is indeed personal and divine not because He is mentioned in every verse, but because of what Scripture reveals about His actions. He teaches, speaks, intercedes, can be lied to, grieved, resisted, and obeyed. These are not traits of an impersonal force, but of a divine Person. The fact that some verses do not explicitly name all three Persons of the Trinity does not challenge the doctrine. Rather, the cumulative witness of Scripture, especially when interpreted with the Church’s guidance and sacred Tradition, confirms that the Holy Spirit is truly God—consubstantial, coequal, and coeternal with the Father and the Son.

    The sacred mystery of the Trinity cannot be reduced to simplistic enumeration in every passage. Revelation unfolds progressively, and the divine Persons are revealed in their missions—through the Father who sends, the Son who is sent, and the Spirit who proceeds to dwell in us. The silence of a text about one of the Persons does not mean theological absence—it simply reflects the economy of revelation. What we proclaim, with the whole Church, is the unity of God in three Persons, each worthy of equal honor and worship, as revealed in Scripture and safeguarded in Catholic doctrine.

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