Something perhaps as old as 'prophecy' is the reinterpretation of prophecy when it fails. There was a crisis of faith when Babylon pillaged the Temple and the exile occurred. Some prophets promised a restoration and unprecedented national glory for Judah/Israel. Reality however was something different. Repeatedly those that clung to aspirations of national glory were crushed by Greeks and Romans.
As I see it there were two steps to the Christian reinterpretation of promises of prophets of the Exile,
1.For promises to "Israel" be selectively fulfilled (only the 'chosen holy' among the Jews would be 'real' Jews and miraculously get rewarded with glory to rule the nations of the world), such as we see in Qumran and Daniel and Enoch.
2. Once the words "Jew" and "Israel" had taken on a cultic meaning it was free to be further Interpreted. Non-Jews too could be counted as the 'real' Jews. Paul seems to have been an early promoter of this